Exodus 18
Commentary from 3 fathers
And Jothor the priest of Madiam, the father-in-law of Moses, heard of all that the Lord did to his people Israel; for the Lord brought Israel out of Egypt.
ΗΚΟΥΣΕ δὲ ᾿Ιοθὸρ ἱερεὺς Μαδιὰμ ὁ γαμβρὸς Μωυσῆ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησε Κύριος ᾿Ισραὴλ τῷ ἑαυτοῦ λαῷ· ἐξήγαγε γὰρ Κύριος τὸν ᾿Ισραὴλ ἐξ Αἰγύπτου.
Оу҆слы́ша же і҆оѳо́ръ, і҆ере́й мадїа́мскїй, те́сть мѡѷсе́овъ, всѧ̑, є҆ли̑ка сотворѝ гдⷭ҇ь і҆и҃лю свои̑мъ лю́демъ, ꙗ҆́кѡ и҆зведѐ гдⷭ҇ь і҆и҃лѧ и҆з̾ є҆гѵ́пта:
And Jothor the father-in-law of Moses, took Sepphora the wife of Moses after she had been sent away,
ἔλαβε δὲ ᾿Ιοθὸρ ὁ γαμβρὸς Μωυσῆ Σεπφώραν τὴν γυναῖκα Μωυσῆ μετὰ τὴν ἄφεσιν αὐτῆς
и҆ поѧ̀ і҆оѳо́ръ, те́сть мѡѷсе́овъ, сепфѡ́рꙋ, женꙋ̀ мѡѷсе́овꙋ, по ѿпꙋще́нїи є҆ѧ̀,
and her two sons: the name of the one was Gersam, [his father] saying, I was a sojourner in a strange land;--
καὶ τοὺς δύο υἱοὺς αὐτῆς· ὄνομα τῷ ἑνὶ αὐτῶν Γηρσὰμ λέγων· πάροικος ἤμην ἐν γῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ·
и҆ два̀ сы̑на є҆ѧ̀: и҆́мѧ є҆ди́номꙋ ѿ ни́хъ гирса́мъ, глаго́лѧ: пришле́цъ бы́хъ въ землѝ чꙋжде́й,
and the name of the second, Eliezer, saying, For the God of my father [is] my helper, and he has rescued me out of the hand of Pharao.
καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ δευτέρου ῾Ελιέζερ λέγων· ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς τοῦ πατρός μου βοηθός μου καὶ ἐξείλατό με ἐκ χειρὸς Φαραώ.
и҆ и҆́мѧ второ́мꙋ є҆лїе́зеръ, глаго́лѧ: бг҃ъ бо ѻ҆тца̀ моегѡ̀ помо́щникъ мо́й и҆ и҆зба́ви мѧ̀ и҆з̾ рꙋкѝ фараѡ́ни.
And Jothor the father-in-law of Moses, and his sons and his wife, went forth to Moses into the wilderness, where he encamped on the mount of God.
καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ᾿Ιοθὸρ ὁ γαμβρὸς Μωυσῆ καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ καὶ ἡ γυνὴ πρὸς Μωυσῆν εἰς τὴν ἔρημον, οὗ παρενέβαλεν ἐπ᾿ ὄρους τοῦ Θεοῦ.
И҆ прїи́де і҆оѳо́ръ, те́сть мѡѷсе́овъ, и҆ сы́нове и҆ жена̀ къ мѡѷсе́ю въ пꙋсты́ню, и҆дѣ́же ѡ҆полчи́сѧ при горѣ̀ бж҃їей.
And it was told Moses, saying, Behold, thy father-in-law Jothor is coming to thee, and thy wife and two sons with him.
ἀνηγγέλη δὲ Μωυσῇ λέγοντες· ἰδοὺ ὁ γαμβρός σου ᾿Ιοθὸρ παραγίνεται πρὸς σέ, καὶ ἡ γυνὴ καὶ οἱ δύο υἱοί σου μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ.
Возвѣсти́ша же мѡѷсе́ю, глаго́люще: сѐ, і҆оѳо́ръ, те́сть тво́й, и҆́детъ къ тебѣ̀, и҆ жена̀ твоѧ̀, и҆ ѻ҆́ба сы̑на твоѧ̑ съ ни́мъ.
And Moses went forth to meet his father-in-law, and did him reverence, and kissed him, and they embraced each other, and he brought them into the tent.
ἐξῆλθε δὲ Μωυσῆς εἰς συνάντησιν τῷ γαμβρῷ καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐφίλησεν αὐτόν, καὶ ἠσπάσαντο ἀλλήλους· καὶ εἰσήγαγεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν σκηνήν.
И҆зы́де же мѡѷсе́й во срѣ́тенїе те́стю своемꙋ̀ и҆ поклони́сѧ є҆мꙋ̀ и҆ цѣлова̀ є҆го̀, и҆ привѣ́тствоваша дрꙋ́гъ дрꙋ́га: и҆ введѐ и҆̀хъ мѡѷсе́й въ кꙋ́щꙋ.
And Moses related to his father-in-law all things that the Lord did to Pharao and all the Egyptians for Israel’s sake, and all the labour that had befallen them in the way, and that the Lord had rescued them out of the hand of Pharao, and out of the hand of the Egyptians.
καὶ διηγήσατο Μωυσῆς τῷ γαμβρῷ πάντα, ὅσα ἐποίησε Κύριος τῷ Φαραὼ καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις ἕνεκεν τοῦ ᾿Ισραήλ, καὶ πάντα τὸν μόχθον τὸν γενόμενον αὐτοῖς ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ καὶ ὅτι ἐξείλατο αὐτοὺς Κύριος ἐκ χειρὸς Φαραὼ καὶ ἐκ χειρὸς τῶν Αἰγυπτίων.
И҆ повѣ́да мѡѷсе́й те́стю своемꙋ̀ всѧ̑, є҆ли̑ка сотворѝ гдⷭ҇ь фараѡ́нꙋ и҆ всѣ̑мъ є҆гѵ́птѧнѡмъ і҆и҃лѧ ра́ди, и҆ ве́сь трꙋ́дъ бы́вшїй и҆̀мъ на пꙋтѝ, и҆ ꙗ҆́кѡ и҆зба́ви и҆̀хъ гдⷭ҇ь ѿ рꙋкѝ фараѡ́ни и҆ ѿ рꙋкѝ є҆гѵ́петскїѧ.
And Jothor was amazed at all the good things which the Lord did to them, forasmuch as he rescued them out of the hand of the Egyptians and out of the hand of Pharao.
ἐξέστη δὲ ᾿Ιοθὸρ ἐπὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς, οἷς ἐποίησεν αὐτοῖς Κύριος, ὅτι ἐξείλατο αὐτοὺς ἐκ χειρὸς Αἰγυπτίων καὶ ἐκ χειρὸς Φαραώ.
Оу҆жасе́сѧ же і҆оѳо́ръ ѡ҆ всѣ́хъ благи́хъ, ꙗ҆̀же сотворѝ и҆̀мъ гдⷭ҇ь, ꙗ҆́кѡ и҆зба́ви и҆̀хъ гдⷭ҇ь ѿ рꙋкѝ є҆гѵ́петскїѧ и҆ ѿ рꙋкѝ фараѡ́ни,
And Jothor said, Blessed be the Lord, because he has rescued them out of the hand of the Egyptians and out of the hand of Pharao.
καί εἶπεν ᾿Ιοθόρ· εὐλογητὸς Κύριος, ὅτι ἐξείλατο αὐτοὺς ἐκ χειρὸς Αἰγυπτίων καὶ ἐκ χειρὸς Φαραώ·
и҆ речѐ і҆оѳо́ръ: блгⷭ҇ве́нъ гдⷭ҇ь, ꙗ҆́кѡ и҆зба́ви лю́ди своѧ̑ и҆з̾ рꙋкѝ є҆гѵ́петскїѧ и҆ и҆з̾ рꙋкѝ фараѡ́ни:
Now know I that the Lord is great above all gods, because of this, wherein they attacked them.
νῦν ἔγνων ὅτι μέγας Κύριος παρὰ πάντας τοὺς θεούς, ἕνεκεν τούτου ὅτι ἐπέθεντο αὐτοῖς.
нн҃ѣ ᲂу҆вѣ́дѣхъ, ꙗ҆́кѡ вели́къ гдⷭ҇ь па́че всѣ́хъ богѡ́въ, сегѡ̀ ра́ди, ꙗ҆́кѡ налего́ша на ни́хъ.
And Jothor the father-in-law of Moses took whole burnt-offerings and sacrifices for God, for Aaron and all the elders of Israel came to eat bread with the father-in-law of Moses before God.
καὶ ἔλαβεν ᾿Ιοθὸρ ὁ γαμβρὸς Μωυσῆ ὁλοκαυτώματα καὶ θυσίας τῷ Θεῷ· παρεγένετο δὲ ᾿Ααρὼν καὶ πάντες οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ᾿Ισραὴλ συμφαγεῖν ἄρτον μετὰ τοῦ γαμβροῦ Μωυσῆ ἐναντίον τοῦ Θεοῦ.
И҆ взѧ̀ і҆оѳо́ръ те́сть мѡѷсе́овъ всесожжє́нїѧ и҆ жє́ртвы бг҃ꙋ: прїи́де же а҆арѡ́нъ и҆ всѝ ста́рцы і҆и҃лєвы ꙗ҆́сти хлѣ́ба съ те́стемъ мѡѷсе́овымъ пред̾ бг҃омъ.
And it came to pass after the morrow that Moses sat to judge the people, and all the people stood by Moses from morning till evening.
Καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ τὴν ἐπαύριον συνεκάθισε Μωυσῆς κρίνειν τὸν λαόν· παρειστήκει δὲ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς Μωυσῇ ἀπὸ πρωΐθεν ἕως δείλης.
И҆ бы́сть на ᲂу҆́трїе, сѣ́де мѡѷсе́й сꙋди́ти лю́ди: стоѧ́хꙋ же пред̾ мѡѷсе́омъ всѝ лю́дїе ѿ ᲂу҆́тра до ве́чера.
And Jothor having seen all that [Moses] did to the people, says, What is this that thou doest to the people? wherefore sittest thou alone, and all the people stand by thee from morning till evening?
καὶ ἰδὼν ᾿Ιοθὸρ πάντα ὅσα ποιεῖ τῷ λαῷ, λέγει· τί τοῦτο, ὃ σὺ ποιεῖς τῷ λαῷ; διατί σὺ κάθησαι μόνος, πᾶς δὲ ὁ λαὸς παρέστηκέ σοι ἀπὸ πρωΐθεν ἕως δείλης;
Ви́дѣвъ же і҆оѳо́ръ всѧ̑, є҆ли̑ка творѧ́ше лю́демъ, речѐ: что̀ сїѐ, є҆́же ты̀ твори́ши лю́демъ; почто̀ ты̀ є҆ди́нъ сѣди́ши, вси́ же лю́дїе предстоѧ́тъ тебѣ̀ ѿ ᲂу҆́тра до ве́чера;
And Moses says to his father-in-law, Because the people come to me to seek judgment from God.
καὶ λέγει Μωυσῆς τῷ γαμβρῷ, ὅτι παραγίνεται πρός με ὁ λαὸς ἐκζητῆσαι κρίσιν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ.
Рече́ же мѡѷсе́й те́стю: поне́же прихо́дѧтъ лю́дїе ко мнѣ̀ проси́ти сꙋда̀ ѿ бг҃а:
For whenever there is a dispute among them, and they come to me, I give judgment upon each, and I teach them the ordinances of God and his law.
ὅταν γὰρ γένηται αὐτοῖς ἀντιλογία καὶ ἔλθωσι πρός με, διακρίνω ἕκαστον καὶ συμβιβάζω αὐτοὺς τὰ προστάγματα τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τὸν νόμον αὐτοῦ.
є҆гда́ бо быва́етъ и҆̀мъ ра́спрѧ, и҆ прихо́дѧтъ ко мнѣ̀, разсꙋжда́ю коемꙋ́ждо и҆ сказꙋ́ю и҆̀мъ повєлѣ́нїѧ бж҃їѧ и҆ зако́нъ є҆гѡ̀.
And the father-in-law of Moses said to him, Thou dost not this thing rightly,
εἶπε δὲ ὁ γαμβρὸς Μωυσῆ πρὸς αὐτόν· οὐκ ὀρθῶς σὺ ποιεῖς τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο·
Рече́ же те́сть мѡѷсе́овъ къ немꙋ̀: не пра́вѡ ты̀ твори́ши глаго́лъ се́й:
thou wilt wear away with intolerable weariness, both those and all this people which is with thee: this thing is hard, thou wilt not be able to endure it thyself alone.
φθορᾷ καταφθαρήσῃ ἀνυπομονήτῳ καὶ σὺ καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς οὗτος, ὅς ἐστι μετὰ σοῦ· βαρύ σοι τὸ ρῆμα τοῦτο, οὐ δυνήσῃ ποιεῖν σὺ μόνος.
трꙋдо́мъ ᲂу҆трꙋди́шисѧ несно́снымъ и҆ ты̀, и҆ всѝ лю́дїе сі́и, и҆̀же сꙋ́ть съ тобо́ю: тѧ́жекъ тебѣ̀ глаго́лъ се́й, не возмо́жеши твори́ти ты̀ є҆ди́нъ:
And thou shalt testify to them the ordinances of God and his law, and thou shalt shew to them the ways in which they shall walk, and the works which they shall do.
καὶ διαμαρτύρῃ αὐτοῖς τὰ προστάγματα τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τὸν νόμον αὐτοῦ καὶ σημανεῖς αὐτοῖς τὰς ὁδούς, ἐν αἷς πορεύσονται ἐν αὐταῖς, καὶ τὰ ἔργα ἃ ποιήσουσι.
и҆ засвидѣ́тельствꙋй и҆̀мъ повелѣ̑нїѧ бж҃їѧ и҆ зако́нъ є҆гѡ̀, и҆ повѣ́ждь и҆̀мъ пꙋти̑ є҆гѡ̀, и҆́миже по́йдꙋтъ, и҆ дѣла̀, ꙗ҆̀же сотворѧ́тъ:
And do thou look out for thyself out of all the people able men, fearing God, righteous men, hating pride, and thou shalt set over the people captains of thousands and captains of hundreds, and captains of fifties, and captains of tens.
καὶ σὺ σεαυτῷ σκέψαι ἀπὸ παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦ ἄνδρας δυνατούς, θεοσεβεῖς, ἄνδρας δικαίους, μισοῦντας ὑπερηφανίαν, καὶ καταστήσεις ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν χιλιάρχους καὶ ἑκατοντάρχους καὶ πεντηκοντάρχους καὶ δεκαδάρχους,
ты́ же ᲂу҆смотрѝ себѣ̀ ѿ всѣ́хъ люді́й мꙋ́жы си̑льны, бг҃а боѧ́щыѧсѧ, мꙋ́жы пра́вєдны, ненави́дѧщыѧ го́рдости, и҆ поста́виши и҆̀хъ над̾ ни́ми тысѧщенача́льники и҆ стонача́льники, и҆ пѧтьдесѧтонача́льники и҆ десѧтонача́льники и҆ писмовводи̑тели,
Moses in fact took care to appoint teachers of reading and writing for God’s people before they had any written record of God’s law. The Septuagint Scripture calls these instructors grammatoeisagogoı́, which is Greek for “bringers-in of letters,” because they brought them, in a sense, into their students’ minds or perhaps introduced their students to them.
City of God 18.39
Hence Moses, who speaks with God, is judged by the reproof of Jethro, who was of alien race, because with ill-advised labour he devotes himself to the people's earthly affairs: and counsel too is presently given him, that he should appoint others in his stead for settling earthly strifes, and he himself should be more free to learn spiritual secrets for the instruction of the people.
The Book of Pastoral Rule, Part 2, Chapter 7
And they shall judge the people at all times, and the too burdensome matter they shall bring to thee, but they shall judge the smaller cases; so they shall relieve thee and help thee.
καὶ κρινοῦσι τὸν λαὸν πᾶσαν ὥραν· τὸ δὲ ρῆμα τὸ ὑπέρογκον ἀνοίσουσιν ἐπὶ σέ, τὰ δὲ βραχέα τῶν κριμάτων κρινοῦσιν αὐτοὶ καὶ κουφιοῦσιν ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ συναντιλήψονταί σοι.
и҆ сꙋ́дѧтъ люді́й по всѧ̑ часы̀: сло́во же неꙋдоборѣши́тельное донесꙋ́тъ къ тебѣ̀: ма̑лыѧ же сꙋды̀ да сꙋ́дѧтъ ѻ҆нѝ, и҆ ѡ҆блегча́тъ тѧ̀ и҆ спомо́гꙋтъ тебѣ̀:
If thou wilt do this thing, God shall strengthen thee, and thou shalt be able to attend, and all this people shall come with peace into their own place.
ἐὰν τὸ ρῆμα τοῦτο ποιήσῃς, κατισχύσει σε ὁ Θεός, καὶ δυνήσῃ παραστῆναι, καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς οὗτος εἰς τὸν ἑαυτοῦ τόπον μετ᾿ εἰρήνης ἥξει.
а҆́ще сло́во сїѐ сотвори́ши, ᲂу҆крѣпи́тъ тѧ̀ бг҃ъ, и҆ возмо́жеши настоѧ́тельствовати, и҆ всѝ лю́дїе сі́и прїи́дꙋтъ во своѐ мѣ́сто съ ми́ромъ.
And Moses hearkened to the voice of his father-in-law, and did whatsoever he said to him.
ἤκουσε δὲ Μωυσῆς τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ γαμβροῦ καὶ ἐποίησεν ὅσα εἶπεν αὐτῷ.
Послꙋ́ша же мѡѷсе́й гла́са те́стѧ своегѡ̀ и҆ сотворѝ всѧ̑, є҆ли̑ка речѐ є҆мꙋ̀:
For nothing was ever more humble than he, who, being leader of so great a people, and having overwhelmed in the sea the king and the host of all the Egyptians, as if they had been flies, and having wrought so many wonders both in Egypt and by the Red Sea and in the wilderness, and received such high testimony, yet felt exactly as if he had been an ordinary person. As a son-in-law he was humbler than his father-in-law; Moses took advice from him and was not indignant. Nor did he say, “What is this? After such and so great achievements, have you come to us with your counsel?”
Homilies on 1 Corinthians 1.4
And Moses chose out able men out of all Israel, and he made them captains of thousands and captains of hundreds, and captains of fifties and captains of tens over the people.
καὶ ἐπέλεξε Μωυσῆς ἄνδρας δυνατοὺς ἀπὸ παντὸς ᾿Ισραὴλ καὶ ἐποίησεν αὐτοὺς ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν χιλιάρχους καὶ ἑκατοντάρχους καὶ πεντηκοντάρχους καὶ δεκαδάρχους.
и҆ и҆збра̀ мѡѷсе́й мꙋ́жы си̑льны ѿ всегѡ̀ і҆и҃лѧ, и҆ сотворѝ ѧ҆̀ над̾ ни́ми тысѧщенача́льники и҆ стонача́льники, и҆ пѧтьдесѧтонача́льники и҆ десѧтонача́льники и҆ писмовводи̑тели:
And they judged the people at all times; and every too burdensome matter they brought to Moses, but every light matter they judged themselves.
καὶ ἐκρίνοσαν τὸν λαὸν πᾶσαν ὥραν· πᾶν δὲ ρῆμα ὑπέρογκον ἀνεφέροσαν ἐπὶ Μωυσῆν, πᾶν δὲ ρῆμα ἐλαφρὸν ἐκρίνοσαν αὐτοί.
и҆ сꙋжда́хꙋ лю́демъ по всѧ̑ часы̀: всѧ́кое же сло́во неꙋдоборѣши́тельное доноси́ша къ мѡѷсе́ю, всѧ́кое же сло́во ле́гкое сꙋжда́хꙋ са́ми.
And Moses dismissed his father-in-law, and he returned to his own land.
ἐξαπέστειλε δὲ Μωυσῆς τὸν ἑαυτοῦ γαμβρόν, καὶ ἀπῆλθεν εἰς τὴν γῆν αὐτοῦ.
Ѿпꙋсти́ же мѡѷсе́й те́стѧ своего̀, и҆ ѿи́де въ зе́млю свою̀.
Now then hearken to me, and I will advise thee, and God shall be with thee: be thou to the people in the things pertaining to God, and thou shalt bring their matters to God.
νῦν οὖν ἄκουσόν μου καὶ συμβουλεύσω σοι, καὶ ἔσται ὁ Θεὸς μετὰ σοῦ. γίνου σὺ τῷ λαῷ τὰ πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν καὶ ἀνοίσεις τοὺς λόγους αὐτῶν πρὸς τὸν Θεόν,
нн҃ѣ ᲂу҆̀бо послꙋ́шай менѐ и҆ присовѣ́тꙋю тебѣ̀, и҆ бꙋ́детъ бг҃ъ съ тобо́ю: бꙋ́ди ты̀ лю́демъ въ тѣ́хъ ꙗ҆̀же къ бг҃ꙋ, и҆ донесе́ши словеса̀ и҆́хъ къ бг҃ꙋ,