Deuteronomy 25
Commentary from 5 fathers
And if there should be a dispute between men, and they should come forward to judgment, and [the judges] judge, and justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked:
ΕΑΝ δὲ γένηται ἀντιλογία ἀνὰ μέσον ἀνθρώπων καὶ προσέλθωσιν εἰς κρίσιν καὶ κρίνωσι καὶ δικαιώσωσι τὸ δίκαιον καὶ καταγνῶσι τοῦ ἀσεβοῦς,
А҆́ще же бꙋ́детъ прѧ̀ междꙋ̀ челѡвѣ́ки, и҆ прїи́дꙋтъ на сꙋ́дъ, и҆ да сꙋ́дѧтъ, и҆ ѡ҆правдѧ́тъ пра́ваго, и҆ ѡ҆сꙋ́дѧтъ нечести́ваго:
then it shall come to pass, if the unrighteous should be worthy of stripes, thou shalt lay him down before the judges, and they shall scourge him before them according to his iniquity.
καὶ ἔσται ἐὰν ἄξιος ᾖ πληγῶν ὁ ἀσεβῶν, καθιεῖς αὐτὸν ἔναντι τῶν κριτῶν καὶ μαστιγώσουσιν αὐτὸν ἐναντίον αὐτῶν κατὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν αὐτοῦ.
и҆ бꙋ́детъ, а҆́ще досто́инъ є҆́сть ра̑нъ нечести́вый, да поста́виши є҆го̀ пред̾ сꙋдїѧ́ми, и҆ да бїю́тъ є҆го̀ пред̾ ни́ми по нече́стїю є҆гѡ̀:
And they shall scourge him with forty stripes in number, they shall not inflict more; for if thou shouldest scourge him [with] more stripes beyond these stripes, thy brother will be disgraced before thee.
ἀριθμῷ τεσσαράκοντα μαστιγώσουσιν αὐτόν, οὐ προσθήσουσιν· ἐὰν δὲ προσθῇς μαστιγῶσαι ὑπὲρ ταύτας τὰς πληγὰς πλείους, ἀσχημονήσει ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἐναντίον σου.
и҆ число́мъ четы́редесѧть ра̑нъ да наложа́тъ є҆мꙋ̀, и҆ да не приложа́тъ къ семꙋ̀: а҆́ще же приложа́тъ па́че ра̑нъ си́хъ би́ти є҆го̀ мно́жае, сра́мъ бꙋ́детъ бра́тꙋ твоемꙋ̀ пред̾ тобо́ю.
And if brethren should live together, and one of them should die, and should not have seed, the wife of the deceased shall not marry out [of the family] to a man not related: her husband’s brother shall go in to her, and shall take her to himself for a wife, and shall dwell with her.
᾿Εὰν δὲ κατοικῶσιν ἀδελφοὶ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ ἀποθάνῃ εἷς ἐξ αὐτῶν,σπέρμα δὲ μὴ ᾗ αὐτῷ, οὐκ ἔσται ἡ γυνὴ τοῦ τεθνηκότος ἔξω ἀνδρὶ μὴ ἐγγίζοντι· ὁ ἀδελφὸς τοῦ ἀνδρὸς αὐτῆς εἰσελεύσεται πρὸς αὐτὴν καὶ λήψεται αὐτὴν ἑαυτῷ γυναῖκα καὶ συνοικήσει αὐτῇ.
А҆́ще же живꙋ́тъ бра́тїѧ вкꙋ́пѣ, и҆ ᲂу҆́мретъ є҆ди́нъ ѿ ни́хъ, сѣ́мене же не бꙋ́детъ є҆мꙋ̀, да не бꙋ́детъ жена̀ ᲂу҆ме́ршагѡ и҆но́мꙋ мꙋ́жꙋ несро́днꙋ: бра́тъ мꙋ́жа є҆ѧ̀ да вни́детъ къ не́й и҆ по́йметъ ю҆̀ себѣ̀ въ женꙋ̀, и҆ да поживе́тъ съ не́ю:
The same day came to him the Sadducees, which say that there is no resurrection, and asked him, Saying, Master, Moses said, If a man die, having no children, his brother shall marry his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. [Deuteronomy 25:5] Now there were with us seven brethren: and the first, when he had married a wife, deceased, and, having no issue, left his wife unto his brother: Likewise the second also, and the third, unto the seventh. And last of all the woman died also. Therefore in the resurrection whose wife shall she be of the seven? for they all had her. Jesus answered and said unto them, Ye do err, not knowing the scriptures, nor the power of God. For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as the angels of God in heaven. But as touching the resurrection of the dead, have ye not read that which was spoken unto you by God, saying, I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? God is not the God of the dead, but of the living. And when the multitude heard this, they were astonished at his doctrine.
In the third book, then, when I was solving the question of how it was possible for Joseph to have two fathers, I indeed said that “he was begotten by one and adopted by the other.” But I should have mentioned too the kind of adoption, for what I said sounds as if another living father had adopted him. The law, however, also adopted the children of the deceased by ordering that “a brother marry the wife” of his childless, deceased brother and “raise up seed” by the same woman “for his deceased brother.” In this way the explanation of this matter of the two fathers of one man is indeed made clearer.
Reconsiderations 2.33.2
And it shall come to pass that the child which she shall bear, shall be named by the name of the deceased, and his name shall not be blotted out of Israel.
καὶ ἔσται τὸ παιδίον, ὃ ἐὰν τέκῃ, κατασταθήσεται ἐκ τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ τετελευτηκότος, καὶ οὐκ ἐξαλειφθήσεται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐξ ᾿Ισραήλ.
и҆ бꙋ́детъ ѻ҆троча̀, є҆́же а҆́ще роди́тсѧ, да поста́витсѧ во и҆́мѧ ᲂу҆ме́ршагѡ, и҆ не поги́бнетъ и҆́мѧ є҆гѡ̀ ѿ і҆и҃лѧ.
And if the man should not be willing to take his brother’s wife, then shall the woman go up to the gate to the elders, and she shall say, My husband’s brother will not raise up the name of his brother in Israel, my husband’s brother has refused.
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ βούληται ὁ ἄνθρωπος λαβεῖν τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀναβήσεται ἡ γυνὴ ἐπὶ τὴν πύλην ἐπὶ τὴν γερουσίαν καὶ ἐρεῖ· οὐ θέλει ὁ ἀδελφὸς τοῦ ἀνδρός μου ἀναστῆσαι τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐν ᾿Ισραήλ, οὐκ ἠθέλησεν ὁ ἀδελφὸς τοῦ ἀνδρός μου.
А҆́ще же не восхо́щетъ человѣ́къ поѧ́ти жены̀ бра́та своегѡ̀, да прїи́детъ жена̀ ко вратѡ́мъ пред̾ старѣ̑йшины и҆ рече́тъ: не хо́щетъ бра́тъ мꙋ́жа моегѡ̀ возста́вити и҆́мѧ бра́та своегѡ̀ во і҆и҃ли, не восхотѣ̀ бра́тъ мꙋ́жа моегѡ̀:
And the elders of his city shall call him, and speak to him; and if he stand and say, I will not take her:
καὶ καλέσουσιν αὐτὸν ἡ γερουσία τῆς πόλεως αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐροῦσιν αὐτῷ, καὶ στὰς εἴπῃ· οὐ βούλομαι λαβεῖν αὐτήν·
и҆ да призовꙋ́тъ є҆го̀ старѣ̑йшины гра́да тогѡ̀ и҆ рекꙋ́тъ є҆мꙋ̀, и҆ ста́въ рече́тъ: не хощꙋ̀ поѧ́ти ю҆̀:
then his brother’s wife shall come forward before the elders, and shall loose one shoe from off his foot, and shall spit in his face, and shall answer and say, Thus shall they do to the man who will not build his brother’s house in Israel.
καὶ προσελθοῦσα ἡ γυνὴ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ ἔναντι τῆς γερουσίας καὶ ὑπολύσει τὸ ὑπόδημα αὐτοῦ τὸ ἓν ἀπὸ τοῦ ποδὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐμπτύσεται κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀποκριθεῖσα ἐρεῖ· οὕτω ποιήσουσι τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, ὃς οὐκ οἰκοδομήσει τὸν οἶκον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐν ᾿Ισραήλ·
и҆ пристꙋпи́вши жена̀ бра́та є҆гѡ̀ къ немꙋ̀ пред̾ старѣ̑йшины, и҆ и҆зꙋ́етъ сапо́гъ є҆гѡ̀ є҆ди́нъ ѿ ногѝ є҆гѡ̀, и҆ да плю́нетъ на лицѐ є҆гѡ̀, и҆ ѿвѣща́вши рече́тъ: си́це да сотворѧ́тъ человѣ́кꙋ, и҆́же не сози́ждетъ до́мꙋ бра́та своегѡ̀ во і҆и҃ли:
The role of holy women was different in the times of the prophets. Obedience, not concupiscence, impelled women to marry for the propagation of the people of God, among whom the forerunners of Christ were sent in advance. For this people, by the things that happened to them as a type, whether they recognized these types or not, were indeed prophetic of Christ, from whom Christ was to take flesh. Hence, in order that this race might be multiplied, the man who did not raise up seed in Israel was held accursed by sentence of the law. That is why holy women were animated by the pious desire of offspring rather than by desire. We may rightly believe that they would not have sought the marriage union if children could have been obtained in any other way.
On the Good of Widowhood 6.10
And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that has had his shoe loosed.
καὶ κληθήσεται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν ᾿Ισραὴλ Οἶκος τοῦ ὑπολυθέντος τὸ ὑπόδημα.
и҆ прозове́тсѧ и҆́мѧ є҆гѡ̀ во і҆и҃ли до́мъ и҆зꙋ́тагѡ и҆з̾ сапога̀.
And if men should strive together, a man with his brother, and the wife of one of them should advance to rescue her husband out of the hand of him that smites him, and she should stretch forth her hand, and take hold of his private parts;
᾿Εὰν δὲ μάχωνται ἄνθρωποι ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό, ἄνθρωπος μετὰ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ, καὶ προσέλθη ἡ γυνὴ ἑνὸς αὐτῶν ἐξελέσθαι τὸν ἄνδρα αὐτῆς ἐκ χειρὸς τοῦ τύπτοντος αὐτὸν καὶ ἐκτείνασα τὴν χεῖρα ἐπιλάβηται τῶν διδύμων αὐτοῦ,
А҆́ще же бїю́тсѧ челѡвѣ́ка два̀ вкꙋ́пѣ, человѣ́къ съ бра́томъ свои́мъ, и҆ пристꙋ́питъ жена̀ є҆ди́нагѡ ѿ ни́хъ ѿѧ́ти мꙋ́жа своего̀ ѿ рꙋкѝ бїю́щагѡ и҆̀, и҆ просте́рши рꙋ́кꙋ свою̀, и҆́метъ за ꙗ҆́тра є҆гѡ̀,
thou shalt cut off her hand; thine eye shall not spare her.
ἀποκόψεις τὴν χεῖρα αὐτῆς· οὐ φείσεται ὀ ὀφθαλμός σου ἐπ᾿ αὐτῇ.
да ѿсѣче́ши рꙋ́кꙋ є҆ѧ̀: да не пощади́тъ ѻ҆́ко твоѐ є҆ѧ̀.
Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a small.
Οὐκ ἔσται ἐν τῷ μαρσίππῳ σου στάθμιον καὶ στάθμιον, μέγα ἢ μικρόν·
Да не бꙋ́детъ во влага́лищи твое́мъ мѣ́рило и҆ мѣ́рило, вели́кое и҆ ма́лое,
Thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and a small.
οὐκ ἔσται ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ σου μέτρον καὶ μέτρον, μέγα ἢ μικρόν·
да не бꙋ́детъ въ домꙋ̀ твое́мъ мѣ́ра и҆ мѣ́ра, вели́ка и҆ ма́ла:
Thou shalt have a true and just weight, and a true and just measure, that thou mayest live long upon the land which the Lord thy God gives thee for an inheritance.
στάθμιον ἀληθινὸν καὶ δίκαιον ἔσται σοι, καὶ μέτρον ἀληθινὸν καὶ δίκαιον ἔσται σοι, ἵνα πολυήμερος γένῃ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ἧς Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου δίδωσί σοι ἐν κλήρῳ·
мѣ́рило и҆́стинно и҆ пра́ведно да бꙋ́детъ тебѣ̀, и҆ мѣ́ра и҆́стинна и҆ пра́ведна да бꙋ́детъ тебѣ̀, да мнѡ́ги дни̑ бꙋ́деши на землѝ, ю҆́же гдⷭ҇ь бг҃ъ тво́й дае́тъ тебѣ̀ въ жре́бїй,
For every one that does this [is] an abomination to the Lord thy God, even every one that does injustice.
ὅτι βδέλυγμα Κυρίῳ τῷ Θεῷ σου πᾶς ποιῶν ταῦτα, πᾶς ποιῶν ἄδικον.
ꙗ҆́кѡ ме́рзость гдⷭ҇еви бг҃ꙋ твоемꙋ̀ всѧ́къ творѧ́й сїѧ̑, всѧ́къ творѧ́й непра́вдꙋ.
Remember what things Amalec did to thee by the way, when thou wentest forth out of the land of Egypt:
Μνήσθητι ὅσα ἐποίησέ σοι ᾿Αμαλὴκ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ἐκπορευομένου σου ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου,
Помѧнѝ, є҆ли̑ка тебѣ̀ сотворѝ а҆мали́къ на пꙋтѝ, и҆сходѧ́щꙋ тебѣ̀ и҆з̾ є҆гѵ́пта:
how he withstood thee in the way, and harassed thy rear, [even] those that were weary behind thee, and thou didst hunger and wast weary; and he did not fear God.
πῶς ἀντέστη σοι ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ, καὶ ἔκοψέ σου τὴν οὐραγίαν, τοὺς κοπιῶντας ὀπίσω σου, σὺ δὲ ἐπείνας καὶ ἐκοπίας, καὶ οὐκ ἐφοβήθη τὸν Θεόν.
ка́кѡ сопротивоста̀ тебѣ̀ на пꙋтѝ и҆ посѣчѐ за́днїй по́лкъ тво́й ᲂу҆трꙋжде́нъ за тобо́ю: ты́ же а҆́лченъ бы́лъ є҆сѝ и҆ ᲂу҆трꙋжде́нъ: и҆ не ᲂу҆боѧ́сѧ бг҃а:
And it shall come to pass whenever the Lord thy God shall have given thee rest from all thine enemies round about thee, in the land which the Lord thy God gives thee to inherit, thou shalt blot out the name of Amalec from under heaven, and shalt not forget [to do it].
καὶ ἔσται ἡνίκα ἐὰν καταπαύσῃ σε Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἐχθρῶν σου τῶν κύκλῳ σου ἐν τῇ γῇ, ᾗ Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου δίδωσί σοι κληρονομῆσαι, ἐξαλείψεις τὸ ὄνομα ᾿Αμαλὴκ ἐκ τῆς ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐπιλάθῃ.
и҆ бꙋ́детъ є҆гда̀ ᲂу҆поко́итъ тѧ̀ гдⷭ҇ь бг҃ъ тво́й ѿ всѣ́хъ вра̑гъ твои́хъ, и҆̀же ѡ҆́крестъ тебє̀ на землѝ, ю҆́же гдⷭ҇ь бг҃ъ тво́й дае́тъ тебѣ̀ въ жре́бїй, є҆́же наслѣ́дити ю҆̀, да погꙋби́ши и҆́мѧ а҆мали́ково ѿ землѝ, ꙗ҆́же под̾ небесе́мъ, и҆ да не забꙋ́деши.
Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treads out the corn.
Οὐ φιμώσεις βοῦν ἁλοῶντα.
Да не ѡ҆броти́ши вола̀ молотѧ́ща.