Colossians 3:12–16

"Put on therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved, bowels of mercies, kindness, humbleness, meekness, long-suffering. And above all these, love, which is the bond of perfection. And let the peace of God reign in your hearts, to which also ye are called in one body; and be thankful," ye who, while still in the body, like the just men of old, enjoy impassibility and tranquillity of soul.

"Put on, therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved."

He shows the easiness of virtue, so that they might both possess it continually, and use it as the greatest ornament. The exhortation is accompanied also with praise, for then its force is greatest. For they had been before holy, but not elect; but now both "elect, and holy, and beloved."

"A heart of compassion." He said not "mercy," but with greater emphasis used the two words. And he said not, that it should be as towards brethren, but, as fathers towards children. For tell me not that he sinned, therefore he said "a heart." And he said not "compassion," lest he should place them in light estimation, but "a heart of compassion, kindness, humility, meekness, longsuffering."

Again, he speaks after the class, and he always does it; for from kindness comes humbleness of mind, and from this, longsuffering.

By this word he shows the ease of virtue: for just as we easily put on a garment, so we can readily take up virtue as well, but virtue must be held constantly, and used as the greatest adornment: he who does not have it is unsightly. The exhortation is joined with praise, and excessive praise at that. For there were, he says, saints, but not chosen and not beloved, yet you have all of this.

He did not say: clothe yourselves in compassion, but "in mercy." This is so as not to humiliate those who are worthy of pity, and at the same time to show that one must condescend to them out of an inner disposition, not as brothers to brothers, but as fathers to children. Lest you say that the brother has sinned, the apostle says: I require of you wholehearted mercy – σπλάγχνα.

He who has clothed himself, he says, in "compassion," in him all the other virtues appear of their own accord. For what father is not kindhearted toward his son and does not practice humility, providing him everything without dispute? And notice what a beautiful order there is in all this! Goodness, born of compassion, gives birth to humility, for he who is kindhearted is also humble-minded. From humility comes meekness, for the proud man is also wrathful. From meekness comes long-suffering, which is magnanimity.

Above, the Apostle urged the faithful to avoid evil, and here he urges them to accomplish what is good: first, he urges the acts of the particular virtues, and secondly, the acts of those principal virtues that perfect the others (v. 14). First, he reminds them of their present condition; secondly, he gives a list of the virtues (v. 12b).

Paul says: If you have put on the new self, you should put on the parts of the new self, that is, the virtues: "Let us then cast off the works of darkness and put on the armor of light" (Rom 13:12). We put these on when our exterior actions are made pleasing by the virtues. But which virtues? Some things are appropriate for soldiers, other things for priests. Put on then what is appropriate for yourself, as God's chosen ones, holy and beloved. When he says chosen, this refers to the taking away of evil; and holy, refers to the gift of grace. "But you were washed, you were sanctified" (1 Cor 6:11); "You shall be holy; for I the Lord your God am holy" (Lev 19:2). When he says beloved, he is referring to their preparation for future glory: "He loved them to the end," that is, of eternal life (Jn 13:1).

Then, he describes what we are to put on and which will protect us in good times and in bad times: "With the weapons of righteousness for the right hand and for the left" (2 Cor 6:7). First, he mentions what we must have in prosperity, and secondly, in times of adversity.

When times are good we owe compassion or mercy to our neighbor; and so Paul says, compassion: "Through the tender mercy of our God, when the day shall dawn upon us from on high" (Lk 1:78); "If there is any affection and sympathy" (Phil 3:1), that is, compassion springing from love. Secondly, we must show kindness to all. Kindness is like a good fire. For fire melts and thaws what is moist, and if there is a good fire in you it will melt and thaw what is moist. It is the Holy Spirit who does this: "The Spirit of wisdom is kind" (Wis 1:6); "Be kind to one another" (Eph 4:32). Lowliness or humility should be found in your hearts: "The greater you are, the more you must humble yourself" (Sir 3:18). In external matters you should practice moderation, which consists in a certain limit, so that you do not go to extremes in times of prosperity: "Let all men know of your moderation," as Philippians (4:5) says.

In the bad times of adversity three kinds of armor are necessary. First, patience, which keeps the soul from giving up the love of God and what is right because of difficulties: "You will save your souls by patience" (Lk 21:19).

"Forbearing one another, and forgiving each other, if any man have a complaint against any: even as Christ forgave you, so also do ye."

Again, he speaks after the class, and he always does it; for from kindness comes humbleness of mind, and from this, longsuffering. "Forbearing," he saith, "one another," that is, passing things over And see, how he has shown it to be nothing, by calling it a "complaint," and saying, "even as Christ forgave you." Great is the example! and thus he always does; he exhorts them after Christ. "Complaint," he calls it. In these words indeed he showed it to be a petty matter; but when he has set before us the example, he has persuaded us that even if we had serious charges to bring, we ought to forgive. For the expression, "Even as Christ," signifies this, and not this only, but also with all the heart; and not this alone, but that they ought even to love. For Christ being brought into the midst, bringeth in all these things, both that even if the matters be great, and even if we have not been the first to injure, even if we be of great, they of small account, even if they are sure to insult us afterwards, we ought to lay down our lives for them, (for the words, "even as," demand this;) and that not even at death only ought one to stop, but if possible, to go on even after death.

"Forbearing," he saith, "one another"; he showeth what is just. Thou forbearest him, and he thee; and so he says in the Epistle to the Galatians, "Bear ye one another's burdens."

Condescending (ἀνεχόμενοι) – is the same as bearing (βασάζοντες) one another – you him, and he you. Do not judge strictly the faults and failings of one another, but, considering them trifles, pass them over without attention. And see how he himself showed their insignificance by calling them a "complaint."

Paul, as always, exhorts them by the example of Christ. Above he showed that one should consider mutual faults as trivial, calling them a "complaint"; but when he brought Christ as an example, he urges to forgive everything equally, even serious offenses, even if we were benefactors of those who insult us, even if we were great people and they insignificant. And not only this, but also to die and after death to do good, just as Christ does good to us even after death. The conjunction "as" demands precisely such an understanding.

In the bad times of adversity three kinds of armor are necessary. First, patience, which keeps the soul from giving up the love of God and what is right because of difficulties: "You will save your souls by patience" (Lk 21:19). Sometimes it happens that a person does what is right if he alone is involved, yet he finds that the traits of other persons are insufferable; and to these he says, forbearing one another: "For by what that righteous man saw and heard as he lived among them, he was vexed in his righteous soul day after day with their lawless deeds" (2 Pet 2:8); "We who are strong ought to bear with the failings of the weak, and not to please ourselves," as we read in Romans (15:1). Thirdly, the armor of pardon is necessary, and so he says, forgiving each other: "What I have forgiven, if I have forgiven anything, has been for your sake in the presence of Christ" (2 Cor 2:10). One forgives an injury when he does not hold a grudge against the person who did it to him, and does not injure him in return. Still, when punishment is necessary, the person committing the injury must be punished. Paul adds the reason why they should forgive, as the Lord has forgiven you: "Does a man harbor anger against another, and yet seek for healing from the Lord?" (Sir 28:3); "I forgave you all that debt because you besought me" (Mt 18:32), and then he continues, "and should not you have had mercy on your fellow servant, as I had mercy on you?"

When love is in command, the way of the law is followed: when the full mind does the operation, it is done with love. .

"And above all these things put on love, which is the bond of perfectness."

Dost thou see that he saith this? For since it is possible for one who forgives, not to love; yea, he saith, thou must love him too, and he points out a way whereby it becomes possible to forgive. For it is possible for one to be kind, and meek, and humbleminded, and longsuffering, and yet not affectionate. And therefore, he said at the first, "A heart of compassion," both love and pity. "And above all these things, love, which is the bond of perfectness." Now what he wishes to say is this; that there is no profit in those things, for all those things fall asunder, except they be done with love; this it is which clenches them all together; whatsoever good thing it be thou mentionest, if love be away, it is nothing, it melts away. And it is as in a ship, even though her rigging be large, yet if there be no girding ropes, it is of no service; and in an house, if there be no tie beams, it is the same; and in a body, though the bones be large, if there be no ligaments, they are of no service. For whatsoever good deeds any may have, all do vanish away, if love be not there. He said not that it is the summit, but what is greater, "the bond"; this is more necessary than the other. For "summit" indeed is an intensity of perfectness, but "bond" is the holding fast together of those things which produce the perfectness; it is, as it were, the root.

When love does not lead, there is no completion of what is lacking; but, where love is present we abstain from doing evil to one another. Indeed we put our minds in the service of doing good, when we love one another. .

Since it is possible to please one another not out of pure love, but only in appearance and hypocritically, he shows the way by which we can attain true pleasing of others. One may be both meek and humble-minded, and yet not with love. Therefore he also says: "but above all these things put on love."

All the aforementioned virtues love binds together by its presence. When love is absent, everything vanishes and in reality nothing remains but hypocrisy. For just as in a house, if there were no crossbeams, commonly called ties, or if in a body there were no ligaments, then everything else would be useless: so too love unites all that contributes to perfection, and without it there is no perfection; although it may seem that someone possesses it, it is not perfection at all.

Then when Paul says, and above all these put on love, he urges them to practice the principal virtues, which perfect the others. Among the virtues, the love of charity holds first place; while among the gifts, wisdom is first. For love is the soul of all the virtues, while wisdom directs them. First, he leads them to the practice of love, and secondly to wisdom (v. 16). First, he urges them to possess the love of charity; secondly, to possess the effects of this love (v. 15).

So Paul says, above all these put on love, which is greater than all the virtues mentioned above, as we find stated in 1 Corinthians (13:13). Above all these, that is, more than all the others, because love is the end of all the virtues: "The end of the commandment is love" (1 Tim 1:5). Or we could say, above all these we should have love, because it is above all the rest: "I will show you a still more excellent way" (1 Cor 12:31). Love is above all the rest because without it the others are of no value. This love is the seamless tunic mentioned by John (19:23). The reason we need this love is because it binds everything together in perfect harmony. According to the Gloss, all the virtues perfect man, but love unites them to each other and makes them permanent; and this is why it is said to bind. Or, it is said to bind because it binds of its very nature, for love unites the beloved to the lover: "I led them with cords of compassion, with the bands of love" (Hos 11:4). He says, perfect, because a thing is perfect when it holds firmly to its ultimate end; and love does this.

"And let the peace of God rule in your hearts, to the which also ye were called in one body; and be ye thankful."

"The peace of God." This is that which is fixed and steadfast. If on man's account indeed thou hast peace, it quickly comes to dissolution, but if on God's account, never. Although he had spoken of love universally, yet again he comes to the particular. For there is a love too which is immoderate; for instance, when out of much love one makes accusations without reason, and is engaged in contentions, and contracts aversions. Not this, saith he, not this do I desire; not overdoing things, but as God made peace with you, so do ye also make it. How made He peace? Of His own will, not having received anything of you. What is this? "Let the peace of God rule in your hearts." If two thoughts are fighting together, set not anger, set not spitefulness to hold the prize, but peace; for instance, suppose one to have been insulted unjustly; of the insult are born two thoughts, the one bidding him to revenge, the other to endure; and these wrestle with one another: if the Peace of God stand forward as umpire, it bestows the prize on that which bids endure, and puts the other to shame. How? by persuading him that God is Peace, that He hath made peace with us. Not without reason he shows the great struggle there is in the matter. Let not anger, he saith, act as umpire, let not contentiousness, let not human peace, for human peace cometh of avenging, of suffering no dreadful ill. But not this do I intend, he saith, but that which He Himself left.

He hath represented an arena within, in the thoughts, and a contest, and a wrestling, and an umpire. Then again, exhortation, "to the which ye were called," he saith, that is, for the which ye were called. He has reminded them of how many good things peace is the cause; on account of this He called thee, for this He called thee, so as to receive a worthy prize. For wherefore made He us "one body"? Was it not that she might rule? Was it not that we might have occasion of being at peace? Wherefore are we all one body? and now are we one body? Because of peace we are one body, and because we are one body, we are at peace.

"And be ye thankful." For this is to be thankful, and very effectively, to deal with his fellow-servants as God doth with himself, to submit himself to the Master, to obey; to express his gratitude for all things, even though one insult him, or beat him.

For in truth he that confesses thanks due to God for what he suffers, will not revenge himself on him that has done him wrong, since he at least that takes revenge, acknowledges no gratitude. But let not us follow him (that exacted) the hundred pence, lest we hear, "Thou wicked servant," for nothing is worse than this ingratitude. So that they who revenge are ungrateful.

Often we are offended by someone, and then two thoughts struggle within us, one of which urges revenge, while the other urges long-suffering. If the peace of God stands within you as the distributor of rewards, that is, as judge and recompenser, then it gives the reward to the thought which commands endurance, and silences the other. Therefore, let the peace of God be the distributor of rewards in you, and not anger, nor contentiousness, nor human peace: for human peace comes from vengeance and retaliation. But the peace of God, constant and inviolable, is not concluded for the sake of any worldly good, just as in relation to us the peace of God was not concluded for the sake of any merits, but simply out of mercy and love He destroyed the enmity that existed against us. Why then, having reminded us of love, does he again begin to speak about peace? It would seem to be a superfluous exhortation, since peace is already contained in love. Perhaps this is said because often even a friend accuses his friend, and from excessive love disputes, offenses, and clashes frequently arise. This is not what I want, he says, but with love have the peace of God, which orders all things and resolves all things.

That is, Christ, calling us to peace, made us one body, Himself becoming the Head. For what other reason are we one body, if not so that, being members of one body to each other, we would keep peace among ourselves and not be divided? Or because you are called to peace, that is, deemed worthy through peace of countless blessings. For if we had not been reconciled with God, we would not have been called to be His servants and partakers of His blessings.

A person is friendly who acts in the same way toward his fellow servants as God acts toward him. One who confesses the grace of God and thanks God for the forgiveness of his sins will not take revenge on the one who did not justify him; and conversely, the one who takes revenge clearly does not remember what a great benefaction he himself received in the forgiveness of sins, like the one who received the remission of ten thousand talents and was unwilling to forgive a hundred denarii (Matt. 18:24). Therefore, let us be grateful for everything, whatever we may suffer and from whomever we may suffer it, and we shall receive the crown of martyrdom.

Then (v. 15), he urges them to acts of love. He mentions two of these acts, peace and thankfulness, and implies a third, joy. He says, let the peace of Christ rejoice in your hearts. An immediate effect of the love of charity is peace, which is, as Augustine comments, that composure or calmness of order produced in a person by God. Love does this, because when one loves another he harmonizes his will with the other: "Great peace have those who love thy law" (Ps 119:165). He says rejoice, because the effect of this love is joy, and this joy follows peace: "Joy follows those who take counsels of peace" (Prov 12:20). Paul does not merely say "peace," because there is a peace of this world which God did not come to bring. He says, the peace of Christ, the peace Christ established between God and man. Jesus affirmed this peace: "Jesus himself stood among them, and said to them: Peace to you" (Lk 24:36). And you should have this peace, because it is the peace to which indeed you were called. "God has called us to peace" (1 Cor 7:15). He adds, in the one body, that is, that you may be in one body. Another effect is thankfulness, and so Paul continues, and be thankful: "The hope of the unthankful will melt away like the winter's ice" (Wis 16:29).

But let our genial feeling in drinking be twofold, in accordance with the law. For "if thou shalt love the Lord try God," and then "thy neighbour," let its first manifestation be towards God in thanksgiving and psalmody, and the second toward our neighbour in decorous fellowship. For says the apostle, "Let the Word of the Lord dwell in you richly." And this Word suits and conforms Himself to seasons, to persons, to places. In the present instance He is a guest with us. For the apostle adds again, "Teaching and admonishing one another in all wisdom, in psalms, and hymns, and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your heart to God." And again, "Whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and His Father." This is our thankful revelry. And even if you wish to sing and play to the harp or lyre, there is no blame. Thou shalt imitate the righteous Hebrew king in his thanksgiving to God. "Rejoice in the Lord, ye righteous; praise is comely to the upright," says the prophecy. "Confess to the Lord on the harp; play to Him on the psaltery of ten strings. Sing to Him a new song." And does not the ten-stringed psaltery indicate the Word Jesus, who is manifested by the element of the decad? And as it is befitting, before partaking of food, that we should bless the Creator of all; so also in drinking it is suitable to praise Him on partaking of His creatures. For the psalm is a melodious and sober blessing. The apostle calls the psalm "a spiritual song."

Let the faithful Christian, I say, devote himself to the sacred Scriptures, and there he shall find worthy exhibitions for his faith. He will see God establishing His world, and making not only the other animals, but that marvellous and better fabric of man. He will gaze upon the world in its delightfulness, righteous shipwrecks, the rewards of the good, and the punIshments of the impious, seas drained dry by a people, and again from the rock seas spread out by a people. He will behold harvests descending from heaven, not pressed in by the plough; rivers with their hosts of waters bridled in, exhibiting dry crossings. He will behold in some cases faith struggling with the flame, wild beasts overcome by devotion and soothed into gentleness. He will look also upon souls brought back even from death. Moreover, he will consider the marvellous souls brought back to the life of bodies which themselves were already consumed. And in all these things he will see a still greater exhibition-that devil who had triumphed over the whole world lying prostrate under the feet of Christ. How honourable is this exhibition, brethren! how delightful, how needful ever to gaze upon one's hope, and to open our eyes to one's salvation! This is a spectacle which is beheld even when sight is lost. This is an exhibition which is given by neither praetor nor consul, but by Him who is alone and above all things, and before all things, yea, and of whom are all things, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom be glory and honour for ever and ever.

Having exhorted them to be thankful, he shows also the way, that, of which I have lately discoursed to you. And what saith he? "Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly"; or rather not this way alone, but another also. For I indeed said that we ought to reckon up those who have suffered things more terrible, and those who have undergone sufferings more grievous than ours, and to give thanks that such have not fallen to our lot; but what saith he? "Let the word of Christ dwell in you"; that is, the teaching, the doctrines, the exhortation, wherein He says, that the present life is nothing, nor yet its good things. If we know this, we shall yield to no hardships whatever. "Let it dwell in you," he saith, "richly," not simply dwell, but with great abundance. Hearken ye, as many as are worldly, and have the charge of wife and children; how to you too he commits especially the reading of the Scriptures and that not to be done lightly, nor in any sort of way, but with much earnestness. For as the rich in money can bear fine and damages, so he that is rich in the doctrines of philosophy will bear not poverty only, but all calamities also easily, yea, more easily than that one. For as for him, by discharging the fine, the man who is rich must needs be impoverished, and found wanting, and if he should often suffer in that way, will no longer be able to bear it, but in this case it is not so; for we do not even expend our wholesome thoughts when it is necessary for us to bear aught we would not choose, but they abide with us continually. And mark the wisdom of this blessed man. He said not, "Let the word of Christ" be in you, simply, but what? "dwell in you," and "richly."

"In all wisdom, teaching and admonishing one another." "In all," says he. Virtue he calls wisdom, and lowliness of mind is wisdom, and almsgiving, and other such like things, are wisdom; just as the contraries are folly, for cruelty too cometh of folly. Whence in many places it calleth the whole of sin folly. "The fool," saith one, "hath said in his heart, There is no God"; and again, "My wounds stink and are corrupt from the face of my foolishness." For what is more foolish, tell me, than one who indeed wrappeth himself about in his own garments, but regardeth not his brethren that are naked; who feedeth dogs, and careth not that the image of God is famishing; who is merely persuaded that human things are nought, and yet clings to them as if immortal. As then nothing is more foolish than such an one, so is nothing wiser than one that achieveth virtue. For mark; how wise he is, says one. He imparteth of his substance, he is pitiful, he is loving to men, he hath well considered that he beareth a common nature with them; he hath well considered the use of wealth, that it is worthy of no estimation; that one ought to be sparing of bodies that are of kin to one, rather than of wealth. He that is a despiser of glory is wholly wise, for he knoweth human affairs; the knowledge of things divine and human, is philosophy. So then he knoweth what things are divine, and what are human, and from the one he keeps himself, on the other he bestoweth his pains. And he knows how to give thanks also to God in all things, he considers the present life as nothing; therefore he is neither delighted with prosperity, nor grieved with the opposite condition.

Tarry not, I entreat, for another to teach thee; thou hast the oracles of God. No man teacheth thee as they; for he indeed oft grudgeth much for vainglory's sake and envy. Hearken, I entreat you, all ye that are careful for this life, and procure books that will be medicines for the soul. If ye will not any other, yet get you at least the New Testament, the Apostolic Epistles, the Acts, the Gospels, for your constant teachers. If grief befall thee, dive into them as into a chest of medicines; take thence comfort of thy trouble, be it loss, or death, or bereavement of relations; or rather dive not into them merely, but take them wholly to thee; keep them in thy mind.

This is the cause of all evils, the not knowing the Scriptures. We go into battle without arms, and how ought we to come off safe? Well contented should we be if we can be safe with them, let alone without them. Throw not the whole upon us! Sheep ye are, still not without reason, but rational; Paul committeth much to you also. They that are under instruction, are not for ever learning; for then they are not taught. If thou art for ever learning, thou wilt never learn. Do not so come as meaning to be always learning; (for so thou wilt never know;) but so as to finish learning, and to teach others. In the arts do not all persons continue for set times, in the sciences, and in a word, in all the arts? Thus we all fix definitely a certain known time; but if ye are ever learning, it is a certain proof that ye have learned nothing.

"Teaching," he saith, "and admonishing one another with psalms and hymns and spiritual songs." Mark also the considerateness of Paul. Seeing that reading is toilsome, and its irksomeness great, he led them not to histories, but to psalms, that thou mightest at once delight thy soul with singing, and gently beguile thy labors. "Hymns," he saith, "and spiritual songs." But now your children will utter songs and dances of Satan, like cooks, and caterers, and musicians; no one knoweth any psalm, but it seems a thing to be ashamed of even, and a mockery, and a joke. There is the treasury house of all these evils. For whatsoever soil the plant stands in, such is the fruit it bears; if in a sandy and salty soil, of like nature is its fruit; if in a sweet and rich one, it is again similar. So the matter of instruction is a sort of fountain. Teach him to sing those psalms which are so full of the love of wisdom; as at once concerning chastity, or rather, before all, of not companying with the wicked, immediately with the very beginning of the book; (for therefore also it was that the prophet began on this wise, "Blessed is the man that hath not walked in the counsel of the ungodly"; and again, "I have not sat in the council of vanity"; and again, "in his sight a wicked doer is contemned, but he honoreth those that fear the Lord," of companying with the good, (and these subjects thou wilt find there in abundance,) of restraining the belly, of restraining the hand, of refraining from excess, of not overreaching; that money is nothing, nor glory, and other things such like.

When in these thou hast led him on from childhood, by little and little thou wilt lead him forward even to the higher things. The Psalms contain all things, but the Hymns again have nothing human. When he has been instructed out of the Psalms, he will then know hymns also, as a diviner thing. For the Powers above chant hymns, not psalms. For "a hymn," saith one, "is not comely in the mouth of a sinner"; and again, "Mine eyes shall be upon the faithful of the land, that they sit together with me"; and again, "he that worketh haughtiness hath not dwelt in the midst of my house"; and again, "He that walketh in a blameless way, he ministered unto me."

What is the hymn of those above? The Faithful know. What say the cherubim above? What say the Angels? "Glory to God in the highest." Therefore after the psalmody come the hymns, as a thing of more perfection. "With psalms," he saith, "with hymns, with spiritual songs, with grace singing in your hearts to God." He means either this, that God because of grace hath given us these things; or, with the songs in grace; or, admonishing and teaching one another in grace; or, that they had these gifts in grace; or, it is an epexegesis and he means, from the grace of the Spirit. "Singing in your hearts to God." Not simply with the mouth, he means, but with heedfulness. For this is to "sing to God," but that to the air, for the voice is scattered without result. Not for display, he means. And even if thou be in the market-place, thou canst collect thyself, and sing unto God, no one hearing thee. For Moses also in this way prayed, and was heard, for He saith, "Why criest thou unto Me?" albeit he said nothing, but cried in thought-wherefore also God alone heard him-with a contrite heart. For it is not forbidden one even when walking to pray in his heart, and to dwell above.

Together they pray, together prostrate themselves, together perform their fasts; mutually teaching, mutually exhorting, mutually sustaining.

Alms (are given) without (danger of ensuing) torment; sacrifices (attended) without scruple; daily diligence (discharged) without impediment: (there is) no stealthy signing, no trembling greeting, no mute benediction. Between the two echo psalms and hymns; and they mutually challenge each other which shall better chant to their Lord.

He shows the way by which we can be thankful. For if the word of Christ dwells in you, that is, His teaching, doctrines, and convictions by which He taught us to despise the present life and the blessings of this world, then we will not yield to any difficulties; on the contrary, manfully enduring all things, we will be thankful for everything that may happen to us. He did not simply say "let it be in you," but "let it dwell" and "richly." If we are rich in the knowledge of the Scriptures, then we will bear all misfortunes with equanimity, just as a rich man can bear a loss of money.

That is, in every virtue. He calls virtue "wisdom," just as David calls sin "folly": "The fool has said in his heart" (Ps. 13:1), and: "My wounds stink and are corrupt because of my foolishness" (Ps. 37:5).

Since reading requires labor and quickly tires one out, as guidance he pointed them not to narratives but to psalms, so that together with singing they might gladden the soul and not notice the labors. After the psalms, he placed hymns (τους ύμνους) as something more perfect. To sing psalms is a human matter, but to sing hymns (ύμνεΐν) is angelic.

With joy and spiritual delight. For, just as human songs aim to provide delight, though not spiritual, so divine songs aim to provide spiritual delight. Or: so that from the spiritual gift, they may receive what they sing.

Not simply with the lips, but "in your hearts," that is, with attention. For this means to sing to God, whereas the other is to sing into the air. Otherwise: "in your hearts" means not for show. Even if you are in the marketplace, you can sing to yourself, without being heard by anyone.

Next (v. 16), he urges them to acquire wisdom, first, he teaches them about the source of wisdom, and secondly its usefulness.

In order to have true wisdom, one must inquire into its source, and so Paul says, let the word of Christ dwell in you richly. "The source of wisdom is God's word in the highest heaven" (Sir 1:5). Therefore you should draw wisdom from the word of Christ: "That will be your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the peoples" (Deut 4:6); "He was made our wisdom" (1 Cor 1:30). But some people do not have the Word, and so they do not have wisdom. He says that this wisdom should dwell in us: "Bind them about your neck, write them on the tablet of your heart" (Prov 3:3). For some, a little of Christ's word is enough, but the Apostle wants them to have much more; thus he says, let the word of God dwell in you richly: "God is able to provide you with every blessing in abundance, so that you may always have enough of everything" (2 Cor 9:8); "Search for it as for hidden treasures" (Prov 2:4). He adds, in all wisdom, that is, you should want to know everything that pertains to the wisdom of Christ: "I did not shrink from declaring to you the whole counsel of God" (Acts 20:27); "The heart of a fool is like a broken jar; it will hold no wisdom" (Sir 21:17).

This wisdom is useful in three ways: for instruction, for devotion, and for direction.

It instructs us in two ways: first, to know what is true; and so Paul says, as you teach. He is saying, in effect: this wisdom dwells in you so richly that it can teach you all things: "All scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness" (2 Tim 3:16). Secondly, this wisdom instructs us to know what is good, and so Paul says, and admonish one another, that is, encourage yourselves to do good things: "To arouse you by way of reminder" (2 Pet 1:1).

Secondly, he mentions its usefulness for devotion, saying, as you sing psalms and hymns. The psalms show the delight of acting well: "Praise him with joy" (Ps 148:2). A hymn is a song of praise: "A hymn for all his saints" (Ps 148:14). And spiritual songs with thankfulness in your hearts to God, because whatever we do, we should relate it to spiritual goods, to the eternal promises, and to the worship of God. And so Paul says, in your hearts, not only with your lips: "I will pray with the spirit and I will pray with the mind also" (1 Cor 14:15); "This people draws near with their mouth and honor me with their lips, while their hearts are far from me" (Is 29:13). He adds, with thankfulness, that is, acknowledging the grace of Christ and God's gifts. The chief songs of the Church are songs of the heart; but they are expressed vocally so as to arouse the songs of the heart, and for the benefit of the simple and uncultured.