Chapter 2
Who did no sin, neither was guile found in his mouth:
ὃς ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἐποίησεν, οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ·
и҆́же грѣха̀ не сотворѝ, ни ѡ҆брѣ́тесѧ ле́сть во ᲂу҆стѣ́хъ є҆гѡ̀:
Note that the apostle holds this statement that Christ did no sin sufficient to prove that there was no sin in him. He who did not sin could not have had sin in him.… Certainly the adult man would have committed sin if there had been sin in the infant. Apart from him there is no one who has not committed sin after reaching his majority, and the reason for this is that there is no one who is without sin at the beginning of infancy.
AGAINST JULIAN 5.15.57Since human flesh became that of the Word of God, its subjection to corruption has come to an end. He put an end to the sickness of loving pleasure. The only-begotten Word of God has not done this for himself, for his motive is not his own pleasure, but obviously he has done it for us.
SERMONS 45.9"but committed Himself to Him who judges righteously," namely God, who gives to each according to their works (Rom. 2:6): this is just. But perhaps someone will say: How does Peter now say that the Lord, when he was being reviled, did not return reviling, and when he was suffering evil, did not threaten? Yet we see him calling some Jews dogs (Matt. 7:16; 15:26), and blind Pharisees (Matt. 15:14; 22:16), and threatening the Jews when he said: "It would be better for that man if he had not been born;" (Matt. 26:34) and: "It will be more tolerable for Sodom than for that city;" (Matt. 10:15) and: "Where their worm does not die," (Mark 9:48) and countless other things. We will say, therefore, that he does not say the Lord did not speak reviling, or did not threaten: but, when he was being reviled, he says he did not return reviling, and when he was suffering evil, he did not threaten. But although he might have uttered some reviling, he was not opposing those who reviled him, but reproaching and rebuking those who did not convert. However, when he was affected by reproaches and heard: "You have a demon," (Jn. 7:20; 8:48) and: "By the prince of demons he casts out demons," (Matt. 7:24; 9:34) and: "Behold, a glutton and a wine-drinker," (Matt. 9:19) did he direct reviling against them, saying something reproachful against them? Not at all, but he indeed said to them: "If I cast out demons by Beelzebul, by whom do your sons cast them out?" (Matt. 7:27) Indeed, this man, a ravenous eater and drinker of wine, opposed the parable of the indignant children in the marketplace against those with whom they conspired, that when they played the flutes, they did not dance; when they sang lamentations, they did not weep. However, crucified and afflicted by punishments, he prayed rather than threatened the Jew before he would betray, and being affected by some evil, he threatened, restraining him from evil intent. Similarly, he showed those who would not receive the disciples that they would suffer something worse than the Sodomites: partly indeed urging them towards hospitality, partly opening a place for the preaching of the Gospel through fear. Therefore, he did not threaten these things while he was being afflicted by evils; and the word of Peter concerning the Lord's mercy is very true, saying that he did not bring any accusation against anyone while they attempted to accuse him.
Commentary on 1 PeterLet us then continually persevere in our hope, and the earnest of our righteousness, which is Jesus Christ, "who bore our sins in His own body on the tree," "who did no sin, neither was guile found in His mouth," but endured all things for us, that we might live in Him. Let us then be imitators of His patience; and if we suffer for His name's sake, let us glorify Him. For He has set us this example in Himself, and we have believed that such is the case.
Epistle to the Philippians 8Therefore He did not maledictively adjudge Christ to this passion, but drew a distinction, that whoever, in any sin, had incurred the judgment of death, and died suspended on a tree, he should be "cursed by God," because his own sins were the cause of his suspension on the tree. On the other hand, Christ, who spoke not guile from His mouth, and who exhibited all righteousness and humility, not only (as we have above recorded it predicted of Him) was not exposed to that kind of death for his own deserts, but (was so exposed) in order that what was predicted by the prophets as destined to come upon Him through your means might be fulfilled; just as, in the Psalms, the Spirit Himself of Christ was already singing, saying, "They were repaying me evil for good; " and, "What I had not seized I was then paying in full; " They exterminated my hands and feet; " and, "They put into my drink gall, and in my thirst they slaked me with vinegar; " "Upon my vesture they did cast (the) lot; " just as the other (outrages) which you were to commit on Him were foretold,-all which He, actually and thoroughly suffering, suffered not for any evil action of His own, but "that the Scriptures from the mouth of the prophets might be fulfilled.
An Answer to the JewsChrist was nailed to the cross, paying the penalty not for his own sins but paying the debt of our nature. For our nature was in debt after transgressing the laws of its maker. And since it was in debt and unable to pay, the creator himself in his wisdom devised a way of paying the debt. By taking a human body as capital, he invested it wisely and justly in paying the debt and thereby freeing human nature.
ON DIVINE PROVIDENCE 10.26Who, when he was reviled, reviled not again; when he suffered, he threatened not; but committed himself to him that judgeth righteously:
ὃς λοιδορούμενος οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει, πάσχων οὐκ ἠπείλει, παρεδίδου δὲ τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως·
и҆́же ᲂу҆корѧ́емь проти́вꙋ не ᲂу҆корѧ́ше, стражда̀ не преща́ше, предаѧ́ше же сꙋдѧ́щемꙋ првⷣнѡ:
We command that a bishop, or presbyter, or deacon who strikes the faithful that offend, or the unbelievers who do wickedly, and thinks to terrify them by such means, be deprived, for our Lord has nowhere taught us such things. On the contrary, "when Himself was stricken, He did not strike again; when He was reviled, He reviled not again; when He suffered, He threatened not."
The Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles"Who, when He was reviled," he says, "reviled not; when He suffered, threatened not." The Lord acted so in His goodness and patience. "But committed Himself to him that judged Him unrighteously:" whether Himself, so that, regarding Himself in this way, there is a transposition. He indeed gave Himself up to those who judged according to an unjust law; because He was unserviceable to them, inasmuch as He was righteous: or, He committed to God those who judged unrighteously, and without cause insisted on His death, so that they might be instructed by suffering punishment.
From the Latin Translation of CassiodorusJesus did not curse those who insulted him but handed them over to God, who is a just judge. For although the divine union of God and man in Christ is holy and undivided, yet there is a distinction to be made between the mind of the man assumed and the mind of the person assuming him.
COMMENTARY ON 1 PETERConquer ye their harsh temper by gentleness, their passion by meekness. For "blessed are the meek ; " and Moses was meek above all men; and David was exceeding meek. Wherefore Paul exhorts as follows: "The servant of the Lord must not strive, but be gentle towards all men, apt to teach, patient, in meekness instructing those that oppose themselves." Do not seek to avenge yourselves on those that injure you, for says [the Scripture], If I have returned evil to those who returned evil to me." Let us make them brethren by our kindness. For say ye to those that hate you, Ye are our brethren, that the name of the Lord may be glorified. And let us imitate the Lord, "who, when He was reviled, reviled not again ; " when He was crucified, He answered not; "when He suffered, He threatened not ; " but prayed for His enemies, "Father, forgive them; they know not what they do." If any one, the more he is injured, displays the more patience, blessed is he. If any one is defrauded, if any one is despised, for the name of the Lord, he truly is the servant of Christ. Take heed that no plant of the devil be found among you, for such a plant is bitter and salt. "Watch ye, and be ye sober," in Christ Jesus.
Epistle of Ignatius to the EphesiansHe declares in the plainest manner, that the same Being who was laid hold of, and underwent suffering, and shed His blood for us, was both Christ and the Son of God, who did also rise again, and was taken up into heaven, as he himself says: "But at the same time, [it is] Christ [that] died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God." And again, "Knowing that Christ, rising from the dead, dieth no more:" for, as himself foreseeing, through the Spirit, the subdivisions of evil teachers [with regard to the Lord's person], and being desirous of cutting away from them all occasion of cavil, he says what has been already stated, [and also declares:] "But if the Spirit of Him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwell in you, He that raised up Christ from the dead shall also quicken your mortal bodies." This he does not utter to those alone who wish to hear: Do not err, [he says to all:] Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is one and the same, who did by suffering reconcile us to God, and rose from the dead; who is at the right hand of the Father, and perfect in all things; "who, when He was buffeted, struck not in return; who, when He suffered, threatened not;" and when He underwent tyranny, He prayed His Father that He would forgive those who had crucified Him. For He did Himself truly bring in salvation: since He is Himself the Word of God, Himself the Only-begotten of the Father, Christ Jesus our Lord.
Against Heresies Book IIIPerhaps someone will say: "How does the apostle Peter say here that the Lord, when He was reviled, did not revile in return, and when He suffered, did not threaten, when we see that He calls the Jews dogs, deaf, the Pharisees blind (Matt. 15:14), says to Judas, 'it would have been better for that man not to have been born' (Matt. 26:24), and on another occasion: 'it shall be more tolerable for Sodom than for that city' (Matt. 10:15)?" We answer: the apostle does not say that the Lord never rebuked or threatened, but that when He was reviled, He did not revile in return, and when He suffered, He did not threaten. For if He sometimes rebuked, it was not in retaliation against those who reviled Him, but He reproached and rebuked those obstinate in unbelief. Those who reviled Him said: "You have a demon" (Jn. 7:20); "He casts out demons by the prince of demons" (Matt. 12:24); and "Behold, a man who loves to eat and drink wine" (Matt. 11:19) — when He heard these things, did He revile in return? Not at all. But to some He said: "If I cast out demons by Beelzebub, by whom do your sons cast them out?" (Matt. 12:27). And those who called Him a lover of eating and drinking wine, He likened to "children" playing in the marketplace and saying to their companions: "We played the flute for you, and you did not dance; we sang dirges, and you did not weep" (Matt. 11:16–17). And when He hung on the cross and suffered, He not only did not threaten, but even prayed for the evildoers: "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do" (Luke 23:34). He threatened Judas in order to turn him away from his betrayal. Likewise, to those who would not receive His disciples, He declared that it would be worse for them than for the Sodomites, in order to incline His hearers at least through fear toward hospitality and toward what is salvific for them. Therefore the word of the apostle Peter, urging gentleness by the example of the Lord, is entirely true. "He committed all to the Righteous Judge" (1 Pet. 2:23); that is, to God, who at the future judgment will render to each one "according to his deeds," without any "respect of persons," in pure justice (1 Pet. 1:17).
Commentary on 1 PeterWho his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed.
ὃς τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν αὐτὸς ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον, ἵνα ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀπογενόμενοι τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ζήσωμεν· οὗ τῷ μώλωπι αὐτοῦ ἰάθητε.
и҆́же грѣхѝ на́шѧ са́мъ вознесѐ на тѣ́лѣ свое́мъ на дре́во, да ѿ грѣ̑хъ и҆збы́вше, пра́вдою поживе́мъ: є҆гѡ́же ꙗ҆́звою и҆сцѣлѣ́сте.
By the blood of Christ, through faith, we have been cleansed from all sin, and by water we were baptized into the death of our Lord. We have sworn in effect that we are dead to sin and to the world but alive unto righteousness.
ON BAPTISM 1.3He himself bore our sins, etc. Whereas previously he spoke specifically to servants, now he admonishes in general that even masters be reminded of what God and the Lord endured for them. Indeed, he instructs the whole Church on what the Maker endured for its liberation. For he did not say "your sins," but also added himself: "He bore our sins in his body on the tree."
Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesMistake is a sin contrary to calculation; and voluntary sin is crime; and crime is voluntary wickedness. Sin, then, is on my part voluntary. Wherefore says the apostle, "Sin shall not have dominion over you; for ye are not under the law, but under grace." Addressing those who have believed, he says, "For by His stripes we were healed." Mistake is the involuntary action of another towards me, while a crime alone is voluntary, whether my act or another's.
The Stromata Book 2He bore the blows and wounds in his body, he was beaten and scourged and thrashed, his head was bruised with a reed. But his wounds became our saviors, for "by his stripes we are healed." For who are we, but those who were once deceived and who did not recognize him, nor were we aware of who he was?
CATENA"And he mounted upon his ass." The ass was the type of the body of Christ, upon whom all men, resting from their labours, are borne as in a chariot. For the Saviour has taken up the burden of our sins. Now the angel who appeared to Balaam was the Word Himself; and in His hand He held a sword, to indicate the power which He had from above.
Fragments from the Lost Writings of Irenaeus"As dead to sins." For having become estranged by sins, (ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀπογενόμενοι), it is taken for ἀποθάνοντες, that is, dead. "by whose stripes you were healed." For having been scourged by Pilate, he also bore scourges in the body.
Commentary on 1 PeterLet us then continually persevere in our hope, and the earnest of our righteousness, which is Jesus Christ, "who bore our sins in His own body on the tree," "who did no sin, neither was guile found in His mouth," but endured all things for us, that we might live in Him. Let us then be imitators of His patience; and if we suffer for His name's sake, let us glorify Him. For He has set us this example in Himself, and we have believed that such is the case.
Epistle to the Philippians 8The one who offered himself for our sins had no sin of his own. Instead he bore our transgressions in himself and was made a sacrifice for them. This principle is set out in the law, for what sin did the lamb or the goat have, which were sacrificed for sins and which were even called "sin" for this reason?
CATENAThis is a new and strange kind of healing. For in this case it is the doctor who receives the honor but the patient who is healed.
CATENAWhen, by Pilate's order, He was scourged, He endured on His body the wounds from the blows as well.
Commentary on 1 PeterFor ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.
ἦτε γὰρ ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενα, ἀλλ’ ἐπεστράφητε νῦν ἐπὶ τὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν.
Бѣ́сте бо ꙗ҆́кѡ ѻ҆́вцы заблꙋ́ждшыѧ (не и҆мꙋ́щѧ па́стырѧ): но возврати́стесѧ нн҃ѣ къ па́стырю и҆ посѣти́телю дꙋ́шъ ва́шихъ.
For you were like sheep gone astray. How is it that he calls both sheep and gone astray, when those who lead a life in error are rather called by the name of goats than sheep, unless because the Lord knows who are his, who also endures many living wrongly for a long time, who he nevertheless foresees to be saved in the number of his sheep?
Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesBut now you have returned to the shepherd and overseer of your souls. He touches on the evangelical parable, where the pious Shepherd, having left ninety-nine sheep in the desert, came to visit the one that had gone astray. For what was said there, that having found it, he placed it on his shoulders rejoicing, this here the blessed Peter has stated beforehand, saying: Because he himself bore our sins in his body on the wood. Because indeed he wished to redeem us in such a way that the wood on which he would take away our sins, he had to hang upon, bearing it on his shoulders. Therefore, he says, to the shepherd and overseer of your souls. Shepherd, namely, because he grants us the pastures of eternal life, he provides pastures of temporal grace in the present. Truly, overseer of your souls, because the Orient from on high has visited us, to give light to those who sit in darkness and the shadow of death (Luke 1). He visits daily the very light in us that he has granted, so that it does not fail by preserving, but rather grows by aiding. Certain Manuscripts have the very Greek: To the shepherd and bishop of your souls. However, bishop in Latin is said to mean "superintendent." Because indeed the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous, and his ears are towards their prayers, so that out of all their tribulations he may deliver them. (Psalm 34).
Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesError has three causes—darkness, loneliness and ignorance. The Gentile sheep were wandering among idols because of their foolish ignorance, and they found themselves lost in the darkness of sin and in the loneliness of a strange nation. Peter goes on to add that now they have turned to the guardian [bishop] of their souls, because although there are many guardians around who care about the things of the flesh, there are few who can look deep into the soul and take care of it.
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTARY ON 1 PETERChapter 3
LIKEWISE, ye wives, be in subjection to your own husbands; that, if any obey not the word, they also may without the word be won by the conversation of the wives;
Ὁμοίως αἱ γυναῖκες ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν, ἵνα καὶ εἴ τινες ἀπειθοῦσι τῷ λόγῳ, διὰ τῆς τῶν γυναικῶν ἀναστροφῆς ἄνευ λόγου κερδηθήσονται,
Та́кожде же и҆ жєны̀, повинꙋ́ющѧсѧ свои̑мъ мꙋжє́мъ, да и҆ а҆́ще нѣ́цыи не повинꙋ́ютсѧ сло́вꙋ, же́нскимъ житїе́мъ без̾ сло́ва плѣне́ни бꙋ́дꙋтъ,
The Instructor orders them to go forth "in becoming apparel, and adorn themselves with shamefacedness and sobriety," "subject to their own husbands; that, if any obey not the word, they may without the word be won by the conversation of the wives; while they behold," he says, "your chaste conversation. Whose adorning, let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair, and of wearing of gold, or of putting on of apparel; but let it be the hidden man of the heart, in that which is not corruptible, even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in the sight of God of great price."
The Instructor Book 3The husband is the head of the wife, and so she must be subject to him just as the other members of the body must be subject to the head. Peter wants wives to show their husbands the path of virtue with just the same vitality as so many of them lead their husbands in the opposite direction.
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTARY ON 1 PETER"without a word." Whether by ceasing all speech and all response, or because a demonstration through deeds is more effective than the anxious diligence found in words: for a silent deed is more excellent than a work deprived of speech.
Commentary on 1 PeterSimilarly, wives should be subject to their husbands, so that even those who do not obey the word may be won without a word by the conduct of their wives, when they see your chaste conduct accompanied by fear. Let your adornment not be external, consisting of braiding hair and the wearing of gold, or of fine clothing; but let it be the hidden man of the heart, with the imperishable beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which in God's sight is very precious. For in this way, holy women who hoped in God used to adorn themselves, being subject to their husbands, just as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him master. And you are her daughters if you do good and do not fear anything that is frightening. Concluding this discourse on morals; namely through kings, through presidents, through masters, through servants; since it has also been established that subjects should be subjected to kings and presidents in what is necessary and in what is appropriate, and through this it is shown that those princes who have laws as a certain incentive of justice, will not be condemned for those things they have done according to them: but in those cases where they have acted unjustly and without judgment and tyrannically against them, they will also perish through these. Indeed, the law was given to them for the benefit of the nations, as Paul also proclaims (Gal. 3:19). But also the authorities, just like the laws, were given for the benefit, and not as some wrongly wish, namely that the power of those who are on earth comes from the Devil: who supports this Devil by saying to the Lord: "All these things have been given to me, and I give them to whomever I wish." (Luke 4:6) For it is not by his command that kings are established, who have been given for the correction of evildoers, since the Devil does not bring about anything like this to be administered among men. For powers and princes have been given by God, partly for the preservation of justice and the correction and benefit of the subjects, partly indeed out of fear for the punishment and correction of wrongdoers; partly also to punish with fitting punishment those who are unruly. Therefore, this having been shown, and that it is good to be subjected, or to be disobedient is evil, where it would also have been established in the same way that servants should obey their earthly masters, and that those who are afflicted and endure without cause by evil masters should receive the greatest praise: where in some way this would have recalled to the order of masters also through the slander of evil masters: it then also passes to the assembly of women, and says; Let these two things concern women or wives, to be subject to their husbands, and to show themselves alienated from all adornment and culture, imitating holy women, for they too, he says, knew only this form of worship, namely obedience to their husbands. And what profit will come from this? The good imitation of those who are outside of the faith, which is also generated from our subjection to the rulers, and the praise of God on our behalf coming from them: this also greatly contributes to the praise of Christians, namely that for our sake He is not spoken ill of, but rather the name of God is blessed. But where he said "holy women" indefinitely, he also specifically adds Sarah: and proceeding in an encouraging manner, he calls them daughters of this Sarah, whether according to faith or even according to lineage. For it is necessary for daughters to imitate their mothers. With honest truth and decent Christian conduct, it also admonishes them to be merciful, without fearing the accounting of their husbands. For this indicates that they are not afraid of any terror. For it was likely that husbands would sometimes revisit the account of expenses. In this way, having raised the discourse, where Peter encouraged the female sex to be more generous towards their household, he also moderates the harshness of men towards their wives, and says:
Commentary on 1 PeterSo far, however, as regards the dress of women, the variety of observance compels us-men of no consideration whatever-to treat, presumptuously indeed, after the most holy apostle, except in so far as it will not be presumptuously if we treat the subject in accordance with the apostle. Touching modesty of dress and ornamentation, indeed, the prescription of Peter likewise is plain, checking as he does with the same mouth, because with the same Spirit, as Paul, the glory of garments, and the pride of gold, and the meretricious elaboration of the hair.
On PrayerIf these things may happen to those women also who, having attained the faith while in (the state of) Gentile matrimony, continue in that state, still they are excused, as having been "apprehended by God" in these very circumstances; and they are bidden to persevere in their married state, and are sanctified, and have hope of "making a gain" held out to them.
To His Wife Book IIThe Apostle set forth moral teaching for all: for kings, rulers, masters, and slaves. For subjects he established as law that they should obey kings and rulers, in what they ought and as they ought, and thereby showed that the rulers themselves have a certain predisposition and incentive toward justice in the laws, and for everything they do according to the laws they will not be condemned, but for everything they commit contrary to them, lawlessly, unjustly, and arbitrarily, they will perish. For the law was given to them for the benefit of the peoples, as the Apostle Paul says (Rom. 13:4). Like the laws, rulers too are given for a certain benefit, and not as some reason badly, that the authority existing on earth is from the devil, agreeing in this matter with the devil, who said to the Lord: "All this has been delivered to me, and I give it to whomever I wish" (Luke 4:6); it is not by the devil's will that kings are appointed, for they are given for the correction of evils, and the devil does not care to introduce any such thing among people. Authorities and rulers are given by God, on the one hand, in order to protect the righteous and to arrange the benefit of subjects, on the other hand, in order to restrain those who err through fear of punishment and reproof, and finally, in order to carry out due punishment upon those who have committed injustice. Having shown this, namely that obedience to authorities is good and disobedience is evil, and having prescribed similar relations for slaves and masters, the Apostle now turns his speech to women. Wives, he says, must be occupied with two things: to obey their husbands, and to abstain from all adornment and finery, imitating the holy women. For they, he says, knew only one adornment, that they obeyed their husbands. And what is the benefit of this? That the pagans receive a good impression of the faith and zeal for it, which our submission to authorities also produces, and on account of us they give thanks to Christ, and it is great praise for Christians when on account of us and on account of our good conduct even the pagans bless the name of God. The words "won without a word" mean either that they are won without any argument or contradiction, or that the proof from deeds is stronger than word and eloquence, as a holy man also said: "A deed not accompanied by a word is better than a word not accompanied by a deed."
Commentary on 1 PeterWhile they behold your chaste conversation coupled with fear.
ἐποπτεύσαντες τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν.
ви́дѣвше є҆́же со стра́хомъ чи́сто житїѐ ва́ше.
Actions speak louder than words, and the husbands will be persuaded by what they see, not by what they hear from their wives.
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTARY ON 1 PETERWhose adorning let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair, and of wearing of gold, or of putting on of apparel;
ὧν ἔστω οὐχ ὁ ἔξωθεν ἐμπλοκῆς τριχῶν καὶ περιθέσεως χρυσίων ἢ ἐνδύσεως ἱματίων κόσμος,
И҆̀мже да бꙋ́детъ не внѣ́шнѧѧ, плете́нїѧ вла̑съ и҆ ѡ҆бложе́нїѧ зла́та, и҆лѝ ѡ҆дѣѧ́нїѧ ри́зъ, лѣ́пота,
"Whose adornment let it not be outward, etc. Because, as Cyprian says, 'Those who are dressed in silk and purple cannot put on Christ. Adorned with gold, pearls, and necklaces, they have lost the ornaments of the heart and soul. If Peter also admonishes women to be restrained and governed by religious observance according to ecclesiastical discipline, who often excuse their adornments through their husbands, how much more is it proper for a virgin to observe this, to whom no excuse for adornment is fitting, nor can the lie of fault be transferred to another, but she alone remains in the crime?'
Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesAlso Peter consents to these same precepts, and says, "Let there be in the woman not the outward adorning of array, or gold, or apparel, but the adorning of the heart."
Treatise II On the Dress of VirginsThere is nothing wrong with these ornaments in themselves, but they are unnecessary extras for the believer and should therefore be avoided. Most of them were invented by the daughters of Ham, which explains why the prohibition is directed to women rather than to men.
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTARY ON 1 PETERBut he who is both the head of the man and the beauty of the woman, the husband of the church, Christ Jesus, what sort of crown did he put on, for both male and female? A crown of thorns!
ON THE CROWN 5.14Touching modesty of dress and ornament, the rule of Peter is also plain, because he speaks with the same spirit as Paul against the empty glory of apparel and the pride of gold.
ON PRAYER 9.20For what is a crown on the head of a woman, but beauty made seductive, but mark of utter wantonness,-a notable casting away of modesty, a setting temptation on fire? Therefore a woman, taking counsel from the apostles' foresight, will not too elaborately adorn herself, that she may not either be crowned with any exquisite arrangement of her hair.
De CoronaBut let it be the hidden man of the heart, in that which is not corruptible, even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in the sight of God of great price.
ἀλλ’ ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ πραέος καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος, ὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές.
но потае́ный се́рдца человѣ́къ, въ неистлѣ́нїи кро́ткагѡ и҆ молчали́вагѡ дꙋ́ха, є҆́же є҆́сть пред̾ бг҃омъ многоцѣ́нно.
But afterwards, in reading the epistle of the Apostle Peter, I perceived that every wise man is also rich: and this he says without distinction of sex, for he writes that all a woman's ornaments consist in a virtuous life, not in costly jewels, Whose adorning, he says, is not that outward adorning of plaiting the hair, and, of wearing of gold, or of putting on of apparel, but the hidden man of the heart. Here then are two things, both that there is a man within the man, and that he is rich who seeks not for himself the enjoyment of any riches. And he has well said, the man of the heart, in that the whole man of wisdom is hidden, as is wisdom itself, which is not seen but understood. No one before Peter used such an expression as, the man of the heart; for the outward man consists of many members, but the inward man of the heart is entirely full of wisdom, full of grace, full of beauty.
Letter 38God would not give riches to the outer man and leave the inner man in need; he has given invisible riches to the invisible self and invisibly adorned it.
SERMONS 161.11But let it be the hidden person of the heart, in the incorruptibility of a quiet and meek spirit, etc. He preaches chastity and the adornment of the inner man in the incorruption of a quiet and meek spirit, saying almost: Since your outer person is corrupted, and you have ceased to have the blessedness of integrity, which is especially proper to virgins, imitate the incorruption of the spirit through strict abstinence, and what you cannot do with your body, perform with your mind. For Christ seeks these riches, and this adornment of your union. It is also remarkable and found this judgment dictated by the law of natural science, according to Pythagoras, that the true adornments of matrons are chastity, not garments.
Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesWomen should not indulge in the outward adornment of braiding the hair or of wearing gold, or of putting on robes. Their adornment should be in the inner life of the heart, in the imperishableness of a quiet and gentle spirit, which is of great price in the sight of God.
The Instructor Book 3Of this same thing in the Epistle of Peter to the people at Pontus: "Let there be in a woman not the outward adorning of ornament, or of gold, or of apparel, but the adorning of the heart."
Treatise XII Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews"but let it be the hidden man of the heart." For all the glory of the king's daughter comes from within. "All her glory is that of the daughter of the king." (Ps. 44:14) For he knows here by blessed David (Ps. 19:14), and Paul (Eph. 3:16) is another inward man from the outer.
Commentary on 1 PeterFor: "All the glory of the King's daughter is within; her garments are trimmed with gold, embroidered" (Ps. 44:14). That is, our hidden disposition and outward condition must correspond exactly to one another. The trimming with gold signifies outward activity. And he calls the garments trimmed with gold and embroidered because what is revealed from within appears not haphazardly, but honorably and with dignity.
Commentary on 1 PeterFor after this manner in the old time the holy women also, who trusted in God, adorned themselves, being in subjection unto their own husbands:
Οὕτω γάρ ποτε καὶ αἱ ἅγιαι γυναῖκες αἱ ἐλπίζουσαι ἐπὶ τὸν Θεὸν ἐκόσμουν ἑαυτάς, ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν,
Та́кѡ бо и҆ногда̀ и҆ ст҃ы̑ѧ жены̀, ᲂу҆пова́ющыѧ на бг҃а, ᲂу҆краша́хꙋ себѐ, повинꙋ́ющѧсѧ свои̑мъ мꙋжє́мъ:
Outward beauty is not the real thing but rather something quite superfluous. A woman's proper beauty is obedience to her husband. The truth of this statement is made manifest by the examples of the holy women of the past, like Sarah.
CATENAWomen must remain holy in every state of life, whether they are married, single or celibate.
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTARY ON 1 PETER"They adorn themselves." Do you see that this refers to adornment or decoration as subjection?
Commentary on 1 PeterHere he calls obedience an adornment, saying: they adorned themselves by being obedient to their own husbands. Having spoken indefinitely of "holy women," he calls them daughters of Sarah either by faith or by descent. For daughters must necessarily imitate their mothers. Along with the adornment befitting Christian women, he urges them to be merciful as well, not fearing punishment from their husbands for it. This is what he means by the words: "you are not troubled by any fear." For it is natural that husbands will sometimes demand an accounting from them of expenditures.
Commentary on 1 PeterEven as Sara obeyed Abraham, calling him lord: whose daughters ye are, as long as ye do well, and are not afraid with any amazement.
ὡς Σάρρα ὑπήκουσε τῷ Ἀβραάμ, κύριον αὐτὸν καλοῦσα· ἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα· ἀγαθοποιοῦσαι καὶ μὴ φοβούμεναι μηδεμίαν πτόησιν.
ꙗ҆́коже са́рра послꙋ́шаше а҆враа́ма, господи́на того̀ зовꙋ́щи: є҆ѧ́же бы́сте ча̑да, благотворѧ́щѧ и҆ не боѧ́щѧсѧ ни є҆ди́нагѡ стра́ха.
Ye wives, be subject to your own husbands, and have them in esteem, and serve them with fear and love, as holy Sarah honoured Abraham. For she could not endure to call him by his name, but called him lord, when she said, "My lord is old." In like manner, ye husbands, love your own wives as your own members, as partners in life, and fellow-helpers for the procreation of children. For says He, "Rejoice with the wife of thy youth. Let her conversation be to thee as a loving hind, and a pleasant foal; let her alone guide thee, and be with thee at all times: for if thou beest every way encompassed with her friendship, thou wilt be happy in her society." Love them therefore as your own members, as your very bodies; for so it is written, "The Lord has testified between thee and between the wife of thy youth; and she is thy partner, and another has not made her: and she is the remains of thy spirit;" and, "Take heed to your spirit, and do not forsake the wife of thy youth."
Constitutions of the Holy Apostles Book 6Since Sarah had become a companion to Abraham of such great faith, God called her the mother of all the righteous, and when Peter was urging believing women among the Gentiles to practice the virtues of humility, chastity and modesty, he remembered our mother Sarah with due praise.
Homilies on the Gospels 1.11Peter commands women to imitate their holy forebears, and in particular Sarah. He urges them to submit to their husbands just as she submitted to Abraham and says that they have become her children by their good behavior. For just as a man who does the works of Abraham and has his faith becomes his child, so also believing women who do good have Sarah as their mother.
CATENALet the husbands love their wives, remembering that, at the creation, one woman, and not many, was given to one man. Let the wives honour their husbands, as their own flesh; and let them not presume to address them by their names. Let them also be chaste, reckoning their husbands as their only partners, to whom indeed they have been united according to the will of God. Ye parents, impart a holy training to your children. Ye children, "honour your parents, that it may be well with you."
Epistle of Pseudo-Ignatius to the AntiochiansLikewise, ye husbands, dwell with them according to knowledge, giving honour unto the wife, as unto the weaker vessel, and as being heirs together of the grace of life; that your prayers be not hindered.
Οἱ ἄνδρες ὁμοίως συνοικοῦντες κατὰ γνῶσιν, ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει τῷ γυναικείῳ ἀπονέμοντες τιμήν, ὡς καὶ συγκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς, εἰς τὸ μὴ ἐγκόπτεσθαι τὰς προσευχὰς ὑμῶν.
Мꙋ́жїе та́кожде, вкꙋ́пѣ живꙋ́ще со свои́ми жена́ми по ра́зꙋмꙋ, ꙗ҆́кѡ немощнѣ́йшꙋ сосꙋ́дꙋ же́нскомꙋ воздаю́ще че́сть, ꙗ҆́кѡ и҆ снаслѣ̑дницы блгⷣтныѧ жи́зни, во є҆́же не прекраща́тисѧ моли́твамъ ва́шымъ.
Is it true that such spouses do not think about the things of the Lord, how they might please him? They are very rare. Who denies this?
On the Good of Marriage 12.14Husbands, likewise dwelling with them according to knowledge, etc. Likewise, he says, provoking men to imitation because he had already commanded wives above, saying: Let husbands consider your chaste conduct in the fear of God. But according to knowledge, that they may know what God desires, and give honor to the feminine vessel. If we abstain from intercourse, we give honor. If we do not abstain, it is clear that intercourse is contrary to honor."
Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesThat your prayers may not be hindered. And Paul says: Do not deprive one another, except perhaps by agreement for a limited time, so that you may devote yourselves to prayer (1 Corinthians 7). Therefore, he reminds us that prayers are hindered by the marital duty, for whenever I render the due to my wife, I cannot pray. But if, according to another saying of the apostle, it is necessary to pray without ceasing, then I should never be devoted to marriage, lest I be hindered at any hour from the prayer I am always commanded to continue.
Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesThat conjugal chastity is to be approved according to the evangelical law is shown by authority, as follows. 1 Peter 3: Husbands, dwelling together according to knowledge, bestowing honor on the woman as on a weaker vessel; but this is according to the conjugal act: therefore the conjugal act is consonant with the law of God.
Disputed Questions on Evangelical Perfection, Question 3The head can easily corrupt the members of the body, but Peter addresses himself to the latter first, lest it be thought that the lesser might somehow despise the greater. But then he goes on to exhort the greater to treat the lesser members properly. This means, first, husbands must respect the times set aside for prayer and fasting and not demand their marital rights if these are going to be a distraction from other things. Second, men must accept that they are stronger than their wives and therefore have a duty to protect them. Third, both parties are heirs of eternal life which God gives by grace, not by any merit which we may possess, and we do well to remember that "It depends not on man's will or exertion, but on God's mercy."
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTARY ON 1 PETERLikewise, husbands, live with your wives in an understanding way, showing honor to the woman as the weaker vessel, since they are heirs with you of the grace of life, so that your prayers may not be hindered. "Husbands, living together in an understanding way, that is, learning through experience the triviality and folly of women in all things and their carnality in fear, be patient with them, not strictly reevaluating the accounts of what has been entrusted to them for safekeeping." However, as we said, the more freely they persist in giving to the poor, he admonishes men not to be demanding investigators. Yet, it seems to me that something deeper is suggested through this, and more charming and casual than what Paul hints at regarding the marital act. For Paul openly cries out: "Do not deprive one another, except perhaps by mutual consent," etc. (1 Corinthians 7:5) Here, however, more modestly, as we said, speaking of understanding and thereby designating the matter itself, Peter advises, since the female sex is more prone to this slippery behavior, not to drive them away with harsh criticisms, but rather to treat them gently as the weaker ones, and then to persuade them to adopt some moderation in abstaining from such things: for this is what he wants to signify (moderation, I say, or abstinence) by saying, "showing honor"; for honor does not follow unless someone looks towards something. Therefore, as to the weaker ones or even as co-heirs of the grace of life, it is necessary to use life in the custom of such people. And that we have not misused this understanding is made clear by what follows, when he says: "that your prayers may not be hindered." For what kind of interruption of prayers can a man's severity towards his wife bring? Indeed, this negligence brings great attention and eagerness during the time of prayer. Therefore, it seems to me that this should be said. Furthermore, if someone has indicated this better, I certainly do not envy.
Commentary on 1 PeterThe pure and united marriage of a man and woman speeds on toward the gates of heaven. For if they bear the image of conjunction by which the church is mystically conjoined to Christ as his bride, they can pray that they will be elevated to a position equal to that of the church. Peter enjoins obedience on wives and tells husbands to bear patiently with them.… He also shows that there is another reason for being patient, which is so that their prayers will not be hindered. For nothing hinders the work of God like trouble in the home.
CATENAWhat (of the fact) that she endured not to have been met alone; but in the presence of Adam, not yet her husband, not yet bound to lend her his ears, she is impatient of keeping silence, and makes him the transmitter of that which she had imbibed from the Evil One? Therefore another human being, too, perishes through the impatience of the one; presently, too, perishes of himself, through his own impatience committed in each respect, both in regard of God's premonition and in regard of the devil's cheatery; not enduring to observe the former nor to refute the latter.
Of PatienceWith such lofty speech persuading thrifty and fainthearted women to distribute household goods more generously, the apostle also restrains husbands from severity toward them, and says: "Husbands, dwell with your wives according to knowledge," that is, take into consideration the weakness and inclination of the female sex toward faintheartedness, and be magnanimous toward your wives, not demanding with irritability an accounting of what has been entrusted to them in household management. He urges husbands not to deal strictly with their wives so that, as we said, they would be more generous in giving alms to the poor. But it seems to me that with these words the apostle hints more subtly and significantly than Paul at the exercise of conjugal rights. For Paul speaks directly: "Do not deprive one another, except by agreement," and so on (1 Cor. 7:5). But Peter, having said more significantly "according to knowledge" and thereby hinting at the matter, urges husbands — since the female sex is more inclined toward this as well — not to abstain from their wives with prohibition and severity, but first to make use of them condescendingly, as the weaker, and then with a certain caution to persuade them to become accustomed to abstinence from this. For it is this, that is, condescension, that he wishes to indicate by the words: "giving honor unto them." For one who is disregarded receives neither honor nor consideration. Then, one should make use of them in regard to intercourse as the weaker, or also as co-heirs of the living grace. And that we have given this meaning to the passage before us not without reason is indicated by the subsequent addition: "that your prayers be not hindered." For what hindrance to prayer can come from a husband's severity toward his wife? Whereas abstaining from intercourse provides greater attentiveness and zeal during prayer. Such is my thought on this matter.
Commentary on 1 PeterFinally, be ye all of one mind, having compassion one of another, love as brethren, be pitiful, be courteous:
Τὸ δὲ τέλος πάντες ὁμόφρονες, συμπαθεῖς, φιλάδελφοι, εὔσπλαγχνοι, φιλόφρονες,
Коне́цъ же, всѝ є҆диномꙋ́дрени бꙋ́дите, ми́лостиви, братолю́бцы, (милосе́рдни,) благоꙋтро́бни, мꙋдролю́бцы, смиреномꙋ́дри:
Here Peter moves on from husband and wife and sets out the law of love for everyone. Every virtue is based on it—compassion, mercy, humility, and so on.
CATENABut all of you in faith be of one mind, sympathetic. As above he taught with appropriate discretion the various persons, conditions, and sexes, now he admonishes all in common in the cause of the Lord's faith, to have one heart and one soul.
Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesFor as it is enjoined on them, "to be subject to their masters with all fear, not only to the good and gentle, but also to the froward," as Peter says; so fairness, and forbearance, and kindness, are what well becomes the masters. For he says: "Finally, be ye all of one mind, having compassion one of another; love as brethren, be pitiful, be humble," and so forth, "that ye may inherit a blessing," excellent and desirable.
The Instructor Book 3Peter, as the head of the church, calls everyone to unite in harmony, whether they are secular rulers and peasants, princes of the church and monks, or husbands and wives. The same basic principles apply to them all.
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTARY ON 1 PETERFree from the ordinances that concerned both men and women, Peter then presents a common exhortation to all men, women, youths, adolescents, kings, leaders, subjects, and those who are governed, foreigners, citizens, the rich, and the poor. Therefore, he adds: "In summary." That is, what is the need to discuss in detail? I say simply to all of you. For this signifies summary/τέλος): and this refers to the goal of salvation proposed to all, and this is the law of love; established for all, from which all virtue proceeds, namely, the modesty of the soul, compassion, mercy, and other similar virtues which he enumerated, the united indeed being harmony without discrimination about something with a willing spirit: compassionate, however, is pity towards those who are afflicted as if towards oneself: fraternal, on the other hand, is the due affection towards relatives as towards brothers. Again, merciful is the movement from the soul to do good towards those who are in the same condition. Indeed, approachable or benevolence is kindness and courtesy towards all, which also extends towards those of similar character and towards friends. Humility, however, or modesty of the soul, is bearing another's insults, acknowledging one's own sins, and enduring accusations, which could also be a form of kindness of the soul. Indeed, insult arises from a corrupt habit, which is rooted in the reproach of others. With these, Peter says, adorned with the aforementioned virtues, moreover, you should not be easily captured by warfare: furthermore, competitors are also directed by the divine way of living. For he who is blessed by all must certainly also be a competitor. And he brings in David (Ps. 34:12-15) as a witness saying: "knowing that you were called to this." The order is with the aforementioned structure. In summary, or I may say absolutely, may you all be unanimous and so forth, knowing that you have been called to this, to bless, that is, to bless all. For Paul says: "Bless those who persecute you." (Rom. 12:14) By doing this, you will inherit the name, so that you may be heard by all as those who bless. For it is not just to bring reproach upon anyone who clings to eternal life. Therefore, David also advises to have a pure tongue from reproach for one who is affected with a loving heart towards true life, etc. (Ps. 15:3) Thus, being prepared, you will have the omnipotent and all-seeing inspector kindly observing you, not with a stern or angry mind, as he looks upon those who do evil. If this is the case, who will harm you? And if you are afflicted while you are doers and initiators of good, do not be of little spirit, but rejoice: first of all, because these things are not evil; and also, because you are blessed and not miserable because of these things.
Commentary on 1 PeterThe connection with the preceding instruction is as follows: finally, or to put it briefly, be all of one mind, and so forth, knowing that you are called to this, to bless everyone. For Paul also says: "Bless those who persecute you" (Rom. 12:14); acting in this way, you will hear from all the designation of yourselves as "blessing" (Ps. 36:20). For one who thirsts for eternal life ought not to speak evil of anyone with the tongue. Therefore David also urges those who strongly desire to attain true life "to keep their tongue from evil" (Ps. 33:14). When you have so disposed yourselves, the Almighty will be merciful to you. And in that case, who can do you harm? But if even while doing good and being zealous for it you are subjected to insult, do not grieve, but rejoice — first, because this is not an evil, and second, because through this you are blessed. Therefore sanctify God in your hearts, and do not fear human fear, and do not be troubled. Otherwise stated: Having finished the particular instructions concerning husbands and wives, he generalizes the exhortation to all, husbands and wives, and says "finally." Why particular instructions? I speak to all in general. For this is the end: all have one goal — salvation; all have one law — love. From this is born every virtue: humility, compassion, mercy, and so forth. Among these, being of one mind is perfect agreement in something. Compassion is sympathy for those who suffer, the same as for oneself. Brotherly love is a disposition toward one's neighbors such as one ought to have toward brothers. Mercy is a spiritual inclination toward doing good to those of the same nature. Friendliness is gentleness with all, as with acquaintances and friends. Humility, or humble-mindedness, is the endurance of reproach from another, the awareness of one's own sinfulness, the bearing of accusations — which one might call right-mindedness. With these virtues adorn yourselves, and in doing so do not yield to malice (reviling is the inclination toward slander arising from a bad habit), but be zealous for good, leading a life that is holy and perfect. For one who is blessed by all is also a zealot.
Commentary on 1 PeterNot rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing: but contrariwise blessing; knowing that ye are thereunto called, that ye should inherit a blessing.
μὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας, τοὐναντίον δὲ εὐλογοῦντες, εἰδότες ὅτι εἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε, ἵνα εὐλογίαν κληρονομήσητε.
не воздаю́ще ѕла̀ за ѕло̀, и҆лѝ досажде́нїѧ за досажде́нїе: сꙋпроти́вное же, благословѧ́ще, вѣ́дѧще, ꙗ҆́кѡ на сѐ зва́ни бы́сте, да блгⷭ҇ве́нїе наслѣ́дите.
What is humility? It is to bear the insults of others, to accept sins against oneself, to bear punishments. Indeed this is not just humility, but prudence as well.
CATENABecause to this you were called, that you might inherit a blessing. Namely, with the Judge saying: Come, blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom (Matthew 25). The blessing of inheritance can also be understood as that by which the Church is perpetually blessed in future life. Hence, now rejoicing in the hope of future things, it says: I will exalt you, my God the King, and I will bless your name forever and ever (Psalm 144). Therefore, what anyone wishes to find in the future, he should strive to meditate on and perform in the present, and bless both his Creator and neighbor with sincere voice, making himself worthy of both divine and fraternal blessing.
Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesA brother asked a hermit, 'What is humility?' He answered, 'To do good to them that do evil to you.' The brother said, 'Suppose a man cannot attain that standard, what is he to do?' The hermit answered, 'He should run away, and choose silence.'
The Desert Fathers, Sayings of the Early Christian MonksOf course you should not return evil for good or cursing for blessing either, though some people do. A Christian is called to the exact opposite behavior!
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTARY ON 1 PETER"Wherefore, girding up your loins," "serve the Lord in fear" and truth, as those who have forsaken the vain, empty talk and error of the multitude, and "believed in Him who raised up our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead, and gave Him glory," and a throne at His right hand. To Him all things in heaven and on earth are subject. Him every spirit serves. He comes as the Judge of the living and the dead. His blood will God require of those who do not believe in Him. But He who raised Him up from the dead will raise up us also, if we do His will, and walk in His commandments, and love what He loved, keeping ourselves from all unrighteousness, covetousness, love of money, evil speaking, false witness; "not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing," or blow for blow, or cursing for cursing, but being mindful of what the Lord said in His teaching: "Judge not, that ye be not judged; forgive, and it shall be forgiven unto you; be merciful, that ye may obtain mercy; with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again;" and once more, "Blessed are the poor, and those that are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of God."
Epistle to the Philippians 2How much more, while you are returning the malediction in the name of Jupiter himself, are you doing honour to Jupiter in the same way as he who provoked you! But a believer ought to laugh in such cases, not to rave; nay, according to the precept, not to return a curse in the name of God even, but dearly to bless in the name of God, that you may both demolish idols and preach God, and fulfil discipline.
On IdolatryNot even by an evil word does He permit it to be vented. Ever if we must be angry, our anger must not be maintained beyond sunset, as the apostle admonishes.
On Prayer
For even hereunto were ye called: because Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps:
εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ ἐκλήθητε, ὅτι καὶ Χριστὸς ἔπαθεν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ὑμῖν ὑπολιμπάνων ὑπογραμμὸν ἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ·
на сїе́ бо и҆ зва́ни бы́сте: [Заⷱ 59] занѐ и҆ хрⷭ҇то́съ пострада̀ по на́съ, на́мъ ѡ҆ста́вль ѡ҆́бразъ, да послѣ́дꙋемъ стопа́мъ є҆гѡ̀:
The word "fear" is used in various meanings. Fear is called, first, conscious fear; the apostle now calls it conscience; it is also called reverence. Fear is called, second, passionate fear, experienced in the face of impending punishment; this fear is observed even in animals. Fear, third, is called initial fear, which occurs in those approaching the Lord as a result of the awareness that for their many transgressions they are worthy of punishment; moved by such fear, the harlot mentioned in the Gospel came to the Lord (Luke 7). Fear is also called perfect fear, which is always present in all the saints. For they are afraid lest they be found lacking in anything that ought to be found in those filled with perfect love. The apostle, urging servants to obey their masters "with all fear," does not eliminate the thought that servants should relate to their masters "with fear" in all the aforementioned meanings. For initial and perfect fear, if they possess it, disposes them to good conduct: the first impels them to guard against transgressions so as not to suffer anything unpleasant for them; the other instills in them not even to think of doing anything unpleasant to their masters. So here the apostle speaks of fear according to conscience, that is, according to the awareness of duty. It is brought upon servants by dishonorable masters even when the servants are guilty of nothing. Approving this fear, the apostle commands them to endure everything with patience. Since those who fear suffering for sins actually committed or from the commission of which they have been preserved, if they suffer anything for those sins, reveal themselves to be prudent servants inclined toward correction. But incomparably higher is the wisdom of the one who, being conscious of nothing bad in himself, endures everything with gratitude. This is a great feat, accomplished by few and drawing down the special favor of God, since such a person emulates the sufferings of Christ, since Christ too suffered not for His own sins, for He "committed no sin" (Isa. 53:9), but suffered for us and for our sins. "For the transgressions of My people He endured punishment," says the prophet (Isa. 53:8). This praiseworthy fear is what the apostle sets forth, but he no less desires that servants be guided by the other fears as well. And this is evident from his words: "with all fear." However, above the other fears he placed the fear of conscience, and in the clearest manner expressed that only this fear is worthy of praise; since the other fears have a cause for the masters' anger against the servants, but this one does not.
Commentary on 1 PeterHaving told servants to put up with unjust suffering, which was a bitter pill for them to swallow, Peter now comforts them by referring to Christ's longsuffering. It is as if he were saying: "I am not trying to persuade you to put up with injustice simply by arguments. Rather stand back and look at your master as freemen in Christ, and you will be comforted."
CATENAIn this sentence the apostle Peter appears to have realized that Christ suffered for those who follow in his footsteps and that Christ's passion profits none but those who follow in his footsteps.
SERMONS 304.2Christ taught you to suffer, and he did so by suffering himself. Words would not be enough unless example were added. And how, precisely did he teach us, brothers and sisters? He was hanging on the cross, and the Jews were raging … he was hanging there, yet at the same time he was healing them.
SERMONS 284.6Leaving you an example that you should follow in his steps. An example of tribulations, not of delights, of insults, scourges, pains, reproaches, thorns, the cross, wounds, death. In the psalm it is written: "Because of the words of your lips I have kept hard ways" (Psalm 17). Because of which words of God's lips, if not those by which he promises eternal life?
Commentary on the Catholic EpistlesLikewise, Christ was most imitable according to the state He had on the cross, according to that passage of 1 Peter 2: Christ suffered for us, leaving an example, that you should follow His steps; but on the cross He was entirely naked; whence Jerome to Hedibia: "Do you wish to be perfect and to stand at the highest summit of dignity? Do what the Apostles did: sell all that you have, and give to the poor, and follow the Savior, and follow the naked and solitary cross with naked and solitary virtue": therefore etc.
Disputed Questions on Evangelical Perfection, Question 2Whosoever hates, says he, his brother, walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth. For he goeth unconsciously to Gehenna, in ignorance and blindness; he is hurrying into punishment, departing, that is, from the light of Christ, who warns and says, "I am the light of the world. He that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life." But he follows Christ who stands in His precepts, who walks in the way of His teaching, who follows His footsteps and His ways, who imitates that which Christ both did and taught; in accordance with what Peter also exhorts and warns, saying, "Christ suffered for us, leaving you an example that ye should follow His steps."
Treatise 10. On Jealousy and EnvyThe praises referred to here are those of a person who is good, not by nature but by grace, and who invites us to join him in praising the One who is good by nature.
COMMENTARY ON 1 PETERLet us then continually persevere in our hope, and the earnest of our righteousness, which is Jesus Christ, "who bore our sins in His own body on the tree," "who did no sin, neither was guile found in His mouth," but endured all things for us, that we might live in Him. Let us then be imitators of His patience; and if we suffer for His name's sake, let us glorify Him. For He has set us this example in Himself, and we have believed that such is the case.
Epistle to the Philippians 8